Database Management System

(Using Oracle)
 Unit Outline
• Introduction
– What is a database
– What are records
• Why use a database
• Database Management Systems
– Are they needed
– Their advantages
• Evolution of Database Management System
– Hierarchical model
• Advantages
– Network model
• Components of the language used
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
– Relational Model
• Advantages
• disadvantages
 Introduction

• What is a database?
A database is a collection of structured data.
A database captures an abstract(summary)
representation of the domain(sphere of
influence) of an application.
Organizations often maintain large amounts of
data as a result of their day-to-day operations. A
database is a basically an organized form of such
data.
 Introduction contn’d
• Records
They are related data items.
Databases therefore are typically organized as
records and relationships between records
• Think of a database as a data collection to
which you can ask different questions like
“What are the phone numbers and addresses
for the five nearest post offices to the college?”
 Why use a database
• Databases are:
– Efficient
– Organized
– Quick access
– Easy management
• Permanency in data
• Problem in file storing
– Tedious
– Time consuming
– Error prone
 Database Management System
• A database management system is usually a
complex piece of software that sits in front of
a collection of data and mediates application
access to the data guaranteeing many
properties about the data and accesses.
• It’s a system to create manipulate and access a
database
Figure 1: What is a database management system?

APP1 APP2

A system to create,
manipulate and access
DBMS data. Mediates access
to the data

A collection of
DB structured data
 Why should we care
– They are every where (ubiquity) form smartphone
to wikkipedia
– It’s a $20B market. Almost the same size as the OS
market
– You need to know about databases if you want to
be happy
 Advantages of DBMS
Some of the benefits of a centralized database
management system are listed below:
• The amount of redundancy in the data stored is
reduced.
• No more inconsistencies in data since database is
centralized and can be managed by a single
person
• The stored database can be shared
• Standards can be set and followed
• Data integrity can be maintained
• Security of data can be implemented
 Evolution of DBMS
• Database models
• Hierarchical database model or multilevel
database model
– Each parent can have many children
– Each child can only have one parent
DEPARTMENT
D_NAME D_NUMBER MGRNAME MGRSTARTDATE

PROJECT EMPLOYEE
PNAME PNUMBER PLOCATION NAME SSN BDATE ADDRESS
 Evolution of DBMS contn’d
• Advantages of the hierarchical model
– Data is held in a common database
– Data independence
– Efficient when database contains a large volume of data
• Network Model
• Model structures and language constructs were
defined by CODASYL (Conference on Data Systems
Language)
– Network schema
– Subschema
– language
 Evolution of DBMS contn’d

Salesrep customer

Product Invoice Payment

Invoice-line
 Evolution of DBMS contn’d
• Components of the language used in network
models
– Data Definition Language (DDL)
– Subschema DDL
– Data Manipulation Language (DML)
– Data Control Language (DCL)
• SET (relationship in network model between
the owner record and the member record )
 Evolution of DBMS contn’d
• Advantages
• Relationships are easier to maintain
• Data integrity
• Data independence(it refers to the immunity
of user applications to changes made in the
definition and organization of data)
Disadvantages