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Dr. Anil Chhangani: Associate Professor 9821382455

Multiplexing is a mechanism that allows multiple communication channels to share a transmission medium. There are four main types of multiplexing: space, time, frequency, and code. Space division multiplexing assigns separate physical spaces to different channels to prevent interference. Time division multiplexing allows channels to take turns using the full bandwidth by separating them in time with guard periods. Frequency division multiplexing allocates different non-overlapping frequency bands to channels. Code division multiplexing uses unique codes to distinguish channels that occupy the same time and frequency. Precise synchronization is needed for time, frequency, and code division multiplexing to avoid interference between channels.

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Ruchika Motwani
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53 views22 pages

Dr. Anil Chhangani: Associate Professor 9821382455

Multiplexing is a mechanism that allows multiple communication channels to share a transmission medium. There are four main types of multiplexing: space, time, frequency, and code. Space division multiplexing assigns separate physical spaces to different channels to prevent interference. Time division multiplexing allows channels to take turns using the full bandwidth by separating them in time with guard periods. Frequency division multiplexing allocates different non-overlapping frequency bands to channels. Code division multiplexing uses unique codes to distinguish channels that occupy the same time and frequency. Precise synchronization is needed for time, frequency, and code division multiplexing to avoid interference between channels.

Uploaded by

Ruchika Motwani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Dr.

Anil Chhangani
Associate Professor
9821382455

Use Blue ray protector glasses


Multiplexing

Multiplexing is a fundamental mechanism in


communication systems

Multiplexing describes how several users can share a


medium with minimum or no interference.

For wireless communication, multiplexing can be


carried out in four dimensions:
Space
Time
Frequency
Code
Space division multiplexing
Figure below shows six channels k₁ to k₆ and
introduces a three dimensional coordinate system.

This system shows the dimensions of code c, time t


and frequency f.

The (3D) space s₁ is also shown.

Here space is represented via circles indicating the


interference range.
The channels k₁ to k₃ can be mapped onto the three
‘spaces’ s₁ to s₃ which clearly separate the channels
and prevent the interference ranges from
overlapping.

The space between the interference ranges is


sometimes called guard space.
For the remaining channels (k₄ to k₆) three additional
spaces would be needed

This principle used by the old analog telephone


system: each subscriber is given a separate pair of
copper wires to the local exchange.
In wireless transmission, SDM implies a separate
sender for each communication channel with a
wide enough distance between senders.

SDM is used, for example, at FM radio stations

- transmission range is limited to a certain region

- many radio stations can use the same frequency


without interference.
Frequency division multiplexing

FDM describes schemes to subdivide the frequency


dimension into several non-overlapping frequency
bands as shown
Each channel k₁-k₆ is allotted its own frequency band

Senders using a certain frequency band can use this band

Guard spaces are needed to avoid frequency band overlapping


or adjacent channel interference
FDM is used for radio stations within the same region,
where each radio station has its own frequency.

Very simple multiplexing scheme does not need


complex coordination between sender and receiver

Receiver only has to tune in to the specific sender.

However, mobile communication typically takes place


for only a few minutes at a time.

Assigning a separate frequency for each possible


communication scenario would be a tremendous
waste of frequency resources.
Additionally, the fixed assignment of a frequency to
a sender makes the scheme very inflexible and limits
the number of senders.
Time division multiplexing
In TDM a channel k₁ is given the whole bandwidth
for a certain amount of time

It means all senders use the same frequency but at


different points in time as shown below

Again, guard spaces, which now represent time gaps,


have to separate the different periods when the
senders use the medium
If two transmissions overlap in time, this is called co-
channel interference

To avoid this type of interference, precise


synchronization between different senders is
necessary.

All senders need precise clocks or, distribute a


synchronization signal to all senders.

For a receiver tuning in to a sender involves


adjusting the frequency
listening at exactly the right point in time
For a receiver tuning in to a sender involves
adjusting the frequency
listening at exactly the right point in time

Assign more sending time to senders with a


heavy load and less to those with a light load.
Frequency and time division multiplexing
A channel k₁ can use a certain frequency band for a
certain amount of time as shown

Guard spaces are needed both in the time and in the


frequency dimension.

GSM uses this for transmission between a mobile


phone and a base station
Two senders will interfere as soon as they select
the same frequency at the same time.
If the frequency change known as frequency
hopping is fast enough, the periods of interference
may be small

A receiver can still recover the original data.


Code Division Multiplexing

CDM is first used in military applications due to its


inherent security features together with spread
spectrum techniques

Figure on next slide shows how all channels k₁ use the


same frequency at the same time for transmission
Each channel has its own code

Guard spaces are realized by using codes with the


necessary ‘distance’ in code space, e.g., orthogonal
codes.

In wireless transmission CDM gives good protection


against interference and tapping.

Code space is huge compared

High complexity of the receiver


Orthogonal codes: Two codes are said to be
orthogonal if when they are multiplied together the
result is added over a period of time they sum to
zero

Ex.
S1 = 1,1,1,1
S2= 1,-1,-1,1

Then
S1*S2 = 1-1-1+1= 0

So S1 and S2 are orthogonal codes.


Limitation
- relatively high complexity of the receiver

- separate the channel with user data from


the background noise

- a receiver must be precisely synchronized


with the transmitter to apply the decoding
correctly

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