Scribd
Upload
62 views27 pages

ECE111 - Analog Electronics: Sandeep Saini Gaurav Chatterjee

This document provides an overview of diodes and their characteristics. It discusses the ideal diode model and its behavior under forward and reverse bias. The three regions of operation for real diodes are described: forward bias, reverse bias, and breakdown. Approximations for modeling diodes are presented from ideal to including a bulk resistance. Applications like voltage regulation using diodes are demonstrated. Worked examples calculate currents and voltages.

Uploaded by

AAYUSH SHUKLA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
62 views27 pages

ECE111 - Analog Electronics: Sandeep Saini Gaurav Chatterjee

This document provides an overview of diodes and their characteristics. It discusses the ideal diode model and its behavior under forward and reverse bias. The three regions of operation for real diodes are described: forward bias, reverse bias, and breakdown. Approximations for modeling diodes are presented from ideal to including a bulk resistance. Applications like voltage regulation using diodes are demonstrated. Worked examples calculate currents and voltages.

Uploaded by

AAYUSH SHUKLA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 27

ECE111 – Analog Electronics

Sandeep Saini
Gaurav Chatterjee

1
Lecture -04 Diodes

2
Ideal Diode

● The ideal diode may be considered to be the most


fundamental nonlinear circuit element.
● It is a two-terminal device
● If a negative voltage is applied to the diode, no current
flows and the diode behaves as an open circuit.
● Diodes operated in this mode are said to be reverse
biased,
● Ideal diode has zero current in the reverse biased
mode.
● It is said to be cut off, or simply off.

3
● if a positive current is applied to the ideal diode, zero
voltage drop appears across the diode.
● In other words, the ideal diode behaves as a short circuit.
● It passes any current with zero voltage drop.
● A forward-biased diode is said to be turned on, or simply
on.
● The positive terminal of the diode is called the anode
and the negative terminal the cathode.
● A nonlinear curve that consists of straight-line segments
is said to be piecewise linear.

4
Example.

● Find the current and voltages across these two diodes.

● A. V = 0V, I = 10mA
● B. V = 10V, I = 0mA

5
Terminal Characteristics of Junction Diodes

● The characteristic curve consists of three distinct regions:


● 1. The forward-bias region, determined by v > 0
● 2. The reverse-bias region, determined by v < 0
● 3. The breakdown region, determined by v < −VZK

6
The Forward-Bias Region

● The forward-bias —or simply forward—region of operation is entered


when the terminal voltage v is positive.
● In the forward region the i–v relationship is closely approximated by
(1)
● IS is a constant for a given diode at a given temperature.

● The current IS is usually called the saturation current or the scale current.
● for i >> IS,
(2)
● This relationship can be expressed alternatively in the logarithmic form
(3)

7
● Let us consider the forward i–v relationship I1 and I2
and

Therefor

● That means V2 – V1 = VTln(I2/I1)


● Similarly, V2 – V1 = 2.3VTlog(I2/I1)
● This equation simply states that for a decade (factor of 10)
change in current, the diode voltage drop changes by 2.3V T,
which is approximately 60 mV.
8
Example

● A silicon diode said to be a 1-mA device displays a forward voltage of 0.7 V at a


current of 1 mA. Evaluate the junction scaling constant I S. What scaling constants
would apply for a 1-A diode of the same manufacture that conducts 1 A at 0.7 V?

9
Practice problems

10
The Reverse-Bias Region

● The reverse-bias region of operation is entered when the


diode voltage v is made negative.
● If v is negative and a few times larger than VT (25 mV) in
magnitude, the exponential term becomes negligibly small
compared to unity, and the diode current becomes i ≃ −IS
● That is, the current in the reverse direction is constant and
equal to IS.
● This constancy is the reason behind the term saturation
current.

11
Temperature dependence

● Since both IS and VT are functions of


temperature, the forward i–v
characteristic varies with temperature,
● At a given constant diode current, the
voltage drop across the diode decreases
by approximately 2 mV for every 1°C
increase in temperature.
● The change in diode voltage with
temperature has been exploited in the
design of electronic thermometers
12
The Breakdown Region

● The breakdown region is entered when the magnitude of the reverse


voltage exceeds a threshold value that is specific to the particular
diode, called the breakdown voltage.
● This is the voltage at the “knee” of the i–v curve in Fig. and is denoted
VZK, where the subscript Z stands for zener and K denotes knee.

13
Diode
Approximations

14
First Diode Approximation (ideal diode)

● In the first approximation method, the diode is considered as a


forward-biased diode and as a closed switch with zero voltage drop.
● It is not apt to use in real-life circumstances but used only for
general approximations where preciseness is not required.

15
Second Diode Approximation

● In the second approximation, the diode is considered as a


forward-biased diode in series with a battery to turn on the
device.
● For a silicon diode to turn on, it needs 0.7V.
● A voltage of 0.7V or greater is fed to turn on the forward-
biased diode.
● The diode turns off if the voltage is less than 0.7V.

16
Third Diode Approximation

● The third approximation of a diode includes voltage across the


diode and voltage across bulk resistance, R B.
● The bulk resistance (resistance of p and n materials ) is low, such
as less than 1 ohm and always less than 10 ohms.
● This resistance changes based on the amount of forwarding
voltage and the current flowing through the diode at any given
time.
● The voltage drop across the diode is calculated using the formula
● Vd = 0.7V + ID *RB
● And if RB < 1/100 RTh or RB < 0.001 RTh, we neglect that

17
The Small-Signal Model

● Consider the situation of VDD undergoing a small change ΔVDD, as shown in Fig
● As indicated, the current ID changes by an increment Δ ID, and the diode voltage
VD changes by an increment Δ VD.
● We wish to find a quick way to determine the values of these incremental
changes.

18
19
20
21
Diode as a voltage regulator

● A voltage regulator is a circuit whose purpose is to provide a


constant dc voltage between its output terminals.
● The output voltage is required to remain as constant as
possible in spite of
● (a) changes in the load current drawn from the regulator
output terminal and
● (b) changes in the dc power-supply voltage that feeds the
regulator circuit.

22
● Since the forward-voltage drop of the diode remains almost
constant at approximately 0.7 V while the current through it
varies by relatively large amounts, a forward-biased diode
can make a simple voltage regulator

23
● Consider the circuit shown in A string of three
diodes is used to provide a constant voltage of
about 2.1 V.
● We want to calculate the percentage change in this
regulated voltage caused by (a) a ±10% change in
the power-supply voltage, and (b) connection of a 1-
k load resistance.

● Solution
● With no load, the nominal value of the current in
the diode string is given by
● I = (10 −2.1)/1 = 7.9 mA

24
25
26
Practice

27

You might also like