Cell Structure and Cell

Organisation
 LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

• Draw and label an animal cell and a plant cell

• Identify the cellular components of an animal cell and a
plant cell
• State the functions of the cellular components of an
animal and a plant cell
• Compare and contrast an animal cell and a plant cell
• Relate the density of certain organelles with the functions
of specific cells
2.1 Structure and Function of
Cell
• Prepare microscope slides of animal and plant cells.
• Identify the structures of animal and plant cells
based on observations through a light microscope.
• Analyse the components of animal and plant cells as
seen on micrographs.
• State the main functions of components of animal
and plant cells as seen on micrographs
• Compare and contrast components of animal and
plant cells.
 CELL STRUCTURE AND ORGANISATION

TYPES OF
STRUCTURE TYPE
ORGANISM
Animal Cells
NON- ORGANELLES
ORGANELLES Plant cells

Plasma membrane

Cytoplasm Unicellular Multicellular

Cell wall

Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Chloroplasts

Mitochondria Ribosomes Lysosomes

Golgi apparatus Vacuoles Centrioles

• What are cells?
Cells are __________________________
• Analogy:
Building Organism
The basic unit or the The basic unit or the
building block is building block
________ is__________
• Generally, cell is made up of a
__________, __________, ___________
• What are the functions of cell?
Carry out life processes such
as:________________________________
 Fill in the blanks with the basic structures found in cells.

Amoeba sp. Paramecium sp.

 Animal cells (cheek cells)

What are the structures that can be seen under a light

microscope (x40 magnification)?
i. ___________
ii. ______________
iii. _______________
 Plant cell (onion cells)

What are the structures that can be seen under a

light microscope (x40 magnification)?
 Let us check the answer
• The steps in drawing a diagram in Biology are:
1. Use unlined paper and a sharp pencil
2. Diagram at least ½ page in size and do not use
shading
3. Draw only what you see and keep your drawing
simple and accurate
4. Label the cell
5. Write the title and magnification size used
 Plant cells (onion cells)

What are the structures that can be seen under light

microscope (x40 and x100 magnification)?
i. ___________
ii. ______________
iii. _______________
• Hydrilla leaf are examples of plant cells
• What extra structure that can be observed
in the Hydrilla leaf?
____________
• The structures of the cells that can be seen
under light microscope are:

Animal cells Plant cells

Plant cell
 Plant cell

GOLGI
APPARATUS
NUCLEUS
VACUOL
RER E

MITOCHONDRION CYTOPLASM
CELL
SER MEMBRANE

CHLOROPLAST CELL WALL

Animal cell
 Animal cell
CELL
MEMBRANE GOLGI
APPARATUS
NUCLEUS

LYSOSOME
MITOCHONDRION

CETRIOLE
RIBOSOME

SER
 Cell Structure

Non-organelles Organelles

-Are specialised structures

which are surrounded by
its own membrane and
perform specific functions.
-Are minutes structure in
cytoplasm that has
specific functions
 Cell Structure

Non-organelles Organelles

Are specialised structures

CELL WALL
which are surrounded by
PLASMA MEMBRANE its own membrane and
perform specific functions.
CYTOPLASM
 CELL WALL
(absent in animal cell)
FUNCTIONS:
•protects the cell
•gives shape
•provides mechanical support for the plant cell
CHARACTERISTICS:
•is made of cellulose
•A permeable membrane
 PLASMA MEMBRANE
• CHARACTERISTICS:
• Semi-permeable
• Made of proteins and phospholipids
• FUNCTIONS:
• It regulates the movement of
substances into and out of the cell
• Outer covering, protective layer
around ALL cells
• For cells with cell wall, the cell
membrane is inside the cell wall
 CYTOPLASM
• CHARACTERISTICS:
• jelly-like matrix inside cell membrane
• Medium which organelles are suspended
• aka protoplasm
• Contains organic and inorganic
substances
FUNCTIONS:
• Medium for biochemical reactions
NUCLEUS
CHARACTERISTI
CS:
•Usually the largest
organelle
•Has chromatin
FUNCTIONS:
•Controls all activities
of the cell
VACUOLE CHARACTERISTICS:
•Temporary storage spaces
•Fluid-filled sac (cell sap)
enclosed by tonoplast
FUNCTIONS:
•Store chemicals eg: food,
water, sugar, minerals,waste
products
•Regulates water balance in
plant cell and paramecium
•Support herbaceous plants
 MITOCHONDRIA
• CHARACTERISTICS:
• A cylindrical shaped
• Made up of two membrane units
• Some muscle cells have 20,000
mitochondria
• FUNCTIONS:
• The site of energy production
• AKA the powerhouse b/c they
release energy from food
(cellular respiration)
 CHLOROPLASTS (plant cell)
CHARACTERISTICS:
•Lens shaped
•Contains chlorophyll
•FUNCTIONS:
•Traps sunlight (energy)
during photosynthesis
 CHLOROPHYLL

• A green pigment that

gives leaves & stems
their color
• Captures sunlight energy
that is used to produce
food called glucose
• Glucose is a type of
sugar
LYSOSOMES (LI suh sohmz)
(animal cell)
• CHARACTERISTICS:
• The word "lysosome" is Latin for "kill body."
• Contains hydrolytic enzymes
• Membrane-bound sac
• FUNCTIONS:
• The purpose of the lysosome is to digest things. They
might be used to digest food (bacteria) or break down
the cell when it dies/digestion of food materials in
food vacuole
• Break down food molecules, cell wastes & worn out
cell parts
 Centriole (animal cell)
• CHARACTERISTIC:
• Small cylindrical structure
• FUNCTIONS:
• Forms spindle fibres during cell
division in animal cells
RIBOSOME
• CHARACTERISTICS:
• Small spherical organelle
• Float freely or attached to the
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
• Ribosomes are made in the
nucleolus
• FUNCTIONS:
• The site of protein synthesis
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
(i) RER
•Rough ER – ribosomes attached to ER
•Transport protein made by ribosomes to Golgi
apparatus.
-proteins are packaged in
vesicles which are called
transport vesicles
(ii) SER
•Smooth ER – ribosomes not attached to ER
• synthesis of lipids, phospholipid and steroids
•Detoxification of drugs and poison
GOLGI BODIES/APPARATUS (GAWL jee)
• CHARACTERISTICS:
• Stacked flattened membranous sacs
• New membrane is continuously added to one
end of golgi apparatus and buds off as
secretory vesicles at the other hand
• FUNCTIONS:
• Processing, packaging and transporting
centre of the synthesized proteins (eg
enzymes, hormones, phospholipids`and
carbohydrates and glycoproteins (such as
mucus)
 Complete the table below
NO CELLULAR FUNCTIONS
COMPONENTS OF PLANT
AND ANIMAL CELLS

1. Cell membrane -Regulates the movement of

-permeable or semi- substances into and out out the cell
permeable
-made up of 2 lipid layers
2. Cell wall -Maintain the shape of the cell
-made up of cellulose -Provide support for plant body
-fully permeable
3. Cytoplasm -Act as a medium for metabolic
-jelly-like substance that reaction
contains water and mineral -supplies the substances required by
salts the organelles
-contains organelles
4. Nucleus -controls and regulates all the
-double membrane activities of the cell
-contains nucleolus, -contains the hereditary factors
chromosomes, (genes) responsible for the traits
nucleoplasm and nuclear of the animal and plant
membrane
5. Vacuole -contains water, sugar and
-cavities filled with cell sap dissolved minerals
surrounded by a semi- -maintain turgidity of cells in
permeable membrane plants

6. Mitochondria -releases energy as it is the site for

-rod-shaped with double aerobic respiration
membrane
7. Ribosomes Synthesis of protein
-small particles
consisting of RNA
8. Rough endoplasmic -Transport the protein synthesised
reticululum by the ribosomes to other parts of
-has ribosomes the cell
9. Smooth endoplasmic Stimulates the synthesis of lipids
reticululum and cholestrol and transport them
-doesn’t have within the cell
ribosomes

10. Chloroplast -traps sunlight (energy) to carry

-disc-shaped double out photosynthesis
membrane
-consist of grana. Each
granum contains
chlorophyll
10. Golgi apparatus -receives protein and lipids from ER
and modify them to form specific
secretions (enzymes and hormones)
-packed the secretion formed into
secretory vesicles and transport them
to the plasma membrane to be
secreted
-controls the secretary activity of the
cells
-Forms lysosomes

11. Centrioles -formation of spindle during cell

division
13. Lysosomes -Contain enzymes which control
breakdown of protein and lipids
-transport undigested material to the
cell membrane for removal
 Organelles in plant and animal cells

Plant and Plant cells only Animal cells

animal cells only
Cell wall lysosome
chloroplast centriols
vacuole
 SIMILARITIES

Both have:
•Nucleus,
•Cytoplasm
• plasma membrane
• golgi apparatus
• mitochondria
• endoplasmic reticulum
•ribosomes.
 DIFFERENCES
ANIMAL CELL STRUCTURE PLANT CELL
Do not have a fixed Shape Has
shape a fixed shape

Do not have cell wall Cell wall have cell wall

Do not have Vacuoles have a large central
vacuoles. If present, vacuoles
vacuoles are usually
small and numerous
Do not have Chloroplasts All green plants have
chloroplast chloroplast
Carbohydrate is Food storage Carbohydrate is
stored in the form stored in the form
of glycogen of starch
Have centrioles Centrioles Do not have
centrioles
Density//Abundance of organelles in specific cells
ORGANELLES TYPES OF CELL FUNCTIONS
1.MITOCHONRIA SPERM CELLS Sperm cells require large
amounts of energy to propel
towards the uterus and
fallopian tube during
fertilization.

FLIGHT MUSCLE Contract and relax the

CELLS (BIRDS AND muscle to enable movement
INSECTS)
APICAL Cell division (mitosis)
MERISTEMS
NERVES CELLS Nerve cells require large
amounts of energy to bring
impulse.
ORGANELLES TYPES OF CELL FUNCTIONS
2. CHLOROPLAST MEESOPHYLL Absorb sunlight during
PALISADE CELLS photosynthesis
3. GOLGI APPARATUS INTESTINAL Secrete mucus //
EPITHELIUM glycoprotein (goblet
RESPIRATORY cells)
TRACT
ROOT CAP Secrete slimy lubricant
4. RER & GOLGI PANCREATIC CELLS Synthesise and secrete
APPARATUS enzyme and hormone
SALIVARY GLANDS Synthesise and secrete
enzyme
5. SER LIVER CELLS Detoxification of drugs
and poisons