Alkenes and Alkynes

Contents
Alkenes and Alkynes
Alkenes and Alkynes have fewer hydrogens per carbon than related alkanes
and are therefore referred to as unsaturated.

the suffix -ene used in place of -ane to identify the family.

There are three steps.
Name the parent hydrocarbon (step1)
Find the longest carbon chain that contains the double bond, and name the
compound using the suffix -ene in place of -ane.
Number the carbon atoms Write the full name(step3)
in the chain(step2)
Begin numbering at the end nearer the double Number the substituents on the main chain
bond, or, if the double bond is equidistant from according to their position, and list them
the two ends, begin at the end nearer the first alphabetically. Multiplier suffix -diene, -triene,
branch point. -tetraene, and so on.
Naming
There are a few alkenes whose names don’t conform to the rules. For
example, the alkene corresponding to ethane should be called ethene, but the
name ethylene has been used for so long that it is accepted by IUPAC.

Table 3.1 lists some other common names accepted by IUPAC.

Alkynes
Alkynes are named in the same way as alkenes, with the suffix -yne used in
place of -ene. Numbering the main chain begins at the end nearer the triple
bond
Problems:
2,6,6-trimethylhept-2-ene.
Electronic structure
Cis-Trans Isomers
Cis and trans isomers of but-2-ene. The cis isomer has the two methyl groups
on the same side of the double bond, and the trans isomer has the methyl
groups on opposite sides.
Cis-Trans Isomers
The requirement for cis–trans isomerism in alkenes. Compounds that have
one of their carbons bonded to two identical groups can’t exist as cis–trans
isomers. Only when both carbons are bonded to two different groups are cis–
trans isomers possible.
Problem
Draw the cis and trans isomers of 5-chloropent-2-ene.

ClCH2CH2CH=CHCH3
Solution
Organic reaction
There are four particularly broad types of organic reactions:

● additions,
● eliminations,
● substitutions,
● rearrangements
Problem
How Reaction Occur:Mechanisms
An overall description of how a reaction occurs is called a reaction mechanism.

All chemical reactions involve bond-breaking in the reactant molecules and bond-
making in the product molecules.

Processes that involve symmetrical bond-breaking and bond-making are called radical
reactions. A radical, often called a free radical, is a neutral chemical species that
contains an odd number of electrons and thus has a single, unpaired electron in one of
its orbitals. Processes that involve unsymmetrical bond breaking and making are called
polar reactions.
Addition reaction of ethylene with HCl
The addition reaction of ethylene with HCl. When ethylene is treated with
hydrogen chloride at room temperature, chloroethane is produced. Overall,
the reaction can be formulated as
Describing a Reaction: Catalysis
A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical transformation
by providing an alternative mechanism.

the reaction of an alkene with H2 gas and produce an alkane.This reaction

called hydrogeneration.
Test
Which of the following is not an alkane or alkene?

A. 1-MethylCycloHexene
B. 2-2-3-TriMethylButane
C. 1-Butanol.
D. 2-BromoButane
Which of the following is true about alkanes?

A. They are highly reactive compounds

B. They are unsaturated hydrocarbons
C. Their melting and boiling points decrease down the group
D. They are linked together exclusively by single bonds.
What is isomerism?

A. It is when certain compounds have similar molecular but not structural

formulas.
B. It is when compounds contain the same elements of different isotypes
C. It is when compounds are isolated in their physical states
D. It is when the atoms of a compound are arranged in a haphazard manner
Name the test used to determine where an alkene is present.

A. Water Bromine
B. Bromine test
C. Bromine water test.
D. None of these
Which of the following is MOST UNLIKELY to be a product of cracking?

A. Ethene
B. Propane
C. Naphtha.
D. Hydrogen gas
Thank you
for
your
attention