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Module II: Building Embedded Hardware & Software: Prof. Mayank Gupta

This document discusses key components in building embedded hardware and software. It describes hardware components like ADCs, DACs, sensors and memory devices. It also covers the PCB design process. On the software side, it mentions cross compilers, linkers, runtime libraries, and toolchains. It provides examples of ADCs like ADC0808 and ADC0804. It also discusses DACs, PCB design process and software components like compilers, cross compilers, and linkers.

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66 views19 pages

Module II: Building Embedded Hardware & Software: Prof. Mayank Gupta

This document discusses key components in building embedded hardware and software. It describes hardware components like ADCs, DACs, sensors and memory devices. It also covers the PCB design process. On the software side, it mentions cross compilers, linkers, runtime libraries, and toolchains. It provides examples of ADCs like ADC0808 and ADC0804. It also discusses DACs, PCB design process and software components like compilers, cross compilers, and linkers.

Uploaded by

westo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module II: Building Embedded Hardware &

Software
Prof. Mayank Gupta
CONTENTS
Hardware: ADC, DAC, Memory devices, Sensors and Actuators
PCB design process – Software: Cross assemblers/compilers, Linker,
Runtime Library
Pre-processor Workflow, make files
Compiler Tool chains – gcc & ARM
Device Driver, Firmware
Middleware
Debugging tools: Emulators, Simulators, In-Circuit Debuggers,
Logic Analyser, Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
Architecture of Embedded Systems
Hardware Components of Embedded Systems
Hardware Components
ADC (Analog to Digital Convertor):

o An embedded system uses the ADC to

collect information about the external world

(data acquisition system).

o The digital output varies from 0-255

o ADC needs a clock to operate.


Examples of ADC
ADC0808:
o It is a monolithic CMOS device, offers high speed, high accuracy, minimal
temperature dependence, excellent long-term accuracy and repeatability
and consumes minimal power.
Features:
o Easy interface to all microprocessors
o No zero or full-scale adjust required
o 8-channel multiplexer with address logic
o 0V to 5V input range with single 5V power supply
o Outputs meet TTL voltage level specifications
o Carrier chip package with 28-pin
Examples of ADC
ADC0804:
o ADC0804 is a very commonly used 8-bit analog to digital converter.
o It works with 0V to 5V analog input voltage.
o Conversion time varies depending on the clocking signals applied to CLK R
and CLK IN pins.
Features:
o Easy interface to all microprocessors
o Logic inputs and outputs meet both MOS and TTL voltage level specifications
o Works with 2.5V (LM336) voltage reference
o On-chip clock generator
o No zero adjust required
 Pin Description of ADC804:
Pin 1: It is a chip select pin and activates ADC, active low
Pin 2: It is an input pin; high to low pulse brings the data from
internal registers to the output pins after conversion
Pin 3: It is an input pin; low to high pulse is given to start the
conversion
Pin 4: It is a clock input pin, to give external clock
Pin 5: It is an output pin, goes low when conversion is complete
Pin 6: Analog non-inverting input
Pin 7: Analog inverting input, it’s normally ground
Pin 8: Ground (0V)
Pin 9: It is an input pin, sets the reference voltage for analog
input
Pin 10: Ground (0V)
Pin 11 – Pin 18: It is an 8-bit digital output pins
Pin 19: Is used with clock IN pin when internal clock source is
used
Pin 20: Supply voltage; 5V
Hardware Components
DAC (Digital to Analog Convertor):
o Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) is a
device that transforms digital data into an
analog signal.
o DAC can reconstruct sampled data into an
analog signal with precision.
o Applications:
o Audio Amplifier
o Video Encoder
o Data Acquisition Systems
DAC in motor Example
PCB: Printed Circuit Board
These boards are made up of special materials
that do not conduct electricity such as fiber and
glass.
The circuits are designed on the boards with
copper tracks instead of wires for the conduction
of electricity between the electronic components.
The printed circuit boards used in all electronic
products such as automotives, wireless
devices, Robotic applications, etc.
Offers quick functioning, access, control,
monitoring and precise and exact results when
compared to other wiring methods based devices
PCB Designing Process
 Preparation of Screen

 Printing

 Etching

 Drilling

 Thinning

 Component Mounting and Assembling


PCB Designing Softwares

ZenitPCB

TinyCAD

Easy EDA

 ExpressPCB
Compilers
A compiler is a computer program (or a set of programs) that transforms

the source code written in a programming language (the source language)

into another computer language (normally binary format).

The name "compiler" is primarily used for programs that translate the

source code from a highlevel programming language to a low-level

language (e.g., assembly language or machine code).


Cross Compilers
If the compiled program can run on a system having different CPU or
operating system than the system on which the compiler compiled the
program, then that compiler is known as a cross-compiler.
Cross Assembler
A Cross Assembler runs on one machine, but assembles ALP of another
machine and generates machine code for that machine.
Linker
The linker takes these object files as input and produces either an
executable image or an object file that can be used for additional linking
with other object files. 
The main function of the linker is to combine multiple object files into a
larger relocatable object file, a shared object file, or a final executable
image.

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