Transport in Animal

Transport in Animals
Circulatory System
• What is a circulatory system?
Circulatory System
• The circulatory system is a system of blood vessels with a pump and
valves to ensure one-way flow of blood
Circulatory systems in Fish
• What is the meaning of single circulation?
• How many heart chambers do the fish has?
Circulatory systems in Fish
• Fish has a two-chambered heart and a single circulation
• This means that for every one circuit of the body, the blood passes
through the heart once
Video
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XZ7V2t2FPLo
Circulatory systems in Mammals
• What is the meaning of double circulation?
• How many heart chambers do the mammal has?
Circulatory systems in Mammals
• Mammals have a four-chambered heart and a double circulation
• This means that for every one circuit of the body, the blood passes
through the heart twice
• The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the
body and pumps it to the lungs (the pulmonary circulation)
• The left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
and pumps it to the body (the systemic circulation)
Video
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CWFyxn0qDEU
Advantages of Double Circulation
• Blood travelling through the small capillaries in the lungs loses a lot of
pressure that was given to it by the pumping of the heart, meaning it
cannot travel as fast
• By returning the blood to the heart after going through the lungs its
pressure can be raised again before sending it to the body, meaning
cells can be supplied with the oxygen and glucose they need for
respiration faster and more frequently
More efficient oxygen delivery:
• Mammals have a separate pulmonary circulation system that sends
blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen before it is sent to the rest of the
body through the systemic circulation.
• This allows for more efficient oxygen delivery to the body's tissues.
• In contrast, fish have a single circulation system in which oxygenated
and deoxygenated blood are mixed, resulting in less efficient oxygen
delivery.
Increased cardiac output:
• Mammals have a four-chambered heart with a more complex
structure than the two-chambered heart of fish.
• The mammalian heart is able to pump more blood per minute,
allowing for higher cardiac output, which is important for meeting the
metabolic demands of mammals.
Better thermoregulation:
• Mammals are warm-blooded and can maintain a constant body
temperature.
• Double circulation helps mammals regulate their body temperature
by distributing heat throughout the body more efficiently.
• In contrast, fish are cold-blooded and have a body temperature that
fluctuates with the temperature of their environment.
More efficient waste removal:
• Double circulation in mammals allows for more efficient removal of
waste products, such as carbon dioxide, from the body.
• This is because blood flows through two separate pathways, one for
oxygenation and one for waste removal, while fish have a single
circulation system in which oxygenated and deoxygenated blood are
mixed, resulting in less efficient waste removal.
• Identify in diagrams and images the structures of the mammalian
heart, limited to: muscular wall, septum, left and right ventricles, left
and right atria, one-way valves and coronary arteries
• What are the function of veins and arteries?
The Mammalian Heart
• Blood is pumped towards the heart in veins and away from the heart
in arteries
• The two sides of the heart are separated by a muscle wall called the
septum
• The heart is made of muscle tissue which are supplied with blood by
the coronary arteries
• How the activity of the heart can be monitored?
• Heart activity can be monitored by using an ECG, measuring pulse
rate or listening to the sounds of valves closing using a stethoscope
• Heart rate (and pulse rate) is measured in beats per minute (bpm)
Investigating Effect of Physical Activity on
Heart Rate
• What method do you suggest?
• To investigate the effects of exercise on heart rate, record the pulse
rate at rest for a minute
• Immediately after they do some exercise, record the pulse rate every
minute until it returns to the resting rate
• This experiment will show that during exercise the heart rate
increases and may take several minutes to return to normal
Coronary heart disease
• What is that?
• How can it happen?
Video
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WKrVxKJVh00
The coronary arteries
• The heart is made of muscle cells that need their own supply of blood to deliver
oxygen, glucose and other nutrients and remove carbon dioxide and other waste
products
• The blood is supplied by the coronary arteries
• If a coronary artery becomes partially or completely blocked by fatty deposits called
‘plaques’ (mainly formed from cholesterol), the arteries are not as elastic as they
should be and therefore cannot stretch to accommodate the blood which is being
forced through them - leading to coronary heart disease
• Partial blockage of the coronary arteries creates a restricted blood flow to the
cardiac muscle cells and results in severe chest pains called angina
• Complete blockage means cells in that area of the heart will not be able to respire
and can no longer contract, leading to a heart attack
• What is the possible risk factors of coronary heart disease?
• What kind of lifestyle that can prevent coronary heart disease?
Diet, Exercise & Coronary Heart Disease
Reducing the risks of developing coronary heart disease
• Quit smoking
• Diet - reduce animal fats and eat more fruits and vegetables - this will
reduce cholesterol levels in the blood and help with weight loss if
overweight
• Exercise regularly - again, this will help with weight loss, decrease
blood pressure and cholesterol levels and help reduce stress

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