QUANTUM COMPUTING

Introduction to Quantum Computing

Quantum computing is a new and rapidly developing field in
computer science that uses the principles of quantum physics
to process information.
In Quantum computers information is stored and
manipulated using single isolated atoms or photons or
electrons. Since atoms, molecules and photons obey the
law quantum mechanics.
Quantum computers perform computation and process
information according to the laws of quantum
mechanics. The novel features of these computers have
immense potential applications in the field of
cryptography. (Cryptography is the science of
maintaining secrecy and security in communication)
Disciplines contributes towards of quantum computation
 Differences Between Classical and QuantumComputing
ClassicalComputing
1. Used by large scale, multipurpose and devices.
2. Information is stored in bits.
3. There is a discrete number of possible states. Either 0 or 1.
4. Calculations are deterministic. This means repeating the same inputs
results in the same output.
5. Data processing is carried out by logic and in sequential order.
6. Operations are governed by Boolean Algebra.
7. Circuit behavior is defined by Classical Physics.
QuantumComputing 1. Used by high speed, quantum mechanics-based
computers.
2. Information is based on Quantum Bits.
3. The is an infinite, continuous number of possible states. They are the
result of quantum superposition.
4. The calculations are probabilistic, meaning there are multiple possible
outputs to the same inputs.
5. Data processing is carried out by quantum logic at parallel instances.
6. Operations are defined by linear algebra by Hilbert Space.
7. Circuit behavior is defined by Quantum Mechanics.
Concept of Qubits and itsProperties

What Is “Qubit”?
 Implementations of a “Qubit”
• Spin orientation of an electron
Most quantum particles behave like little magnets. We call this
property spin. The spin orientation is always pointing either
fully up or fully down but never in between. Using the spin
states of up and down, we can build a spin qubit.
= pointing up, = pointing down
 Energy level of an atom
We can use the energy levels of electrons in neutral atoms or ions
as qubits. In their natural state, these electrons occupy the lowest
possible energy levels. Using lasers, we can “excite” them to a
higher energy level. We can assign the qubit values based on
their energy state.
= low energy state, = high energy state
 Contd..

The state of a qubit is enclosed in the right half of an

angled bracket, called the “ket”.
A qubit, |ψ, could be in a or |1i state which is a
superposition of both and |1.
This is written as,
|ψ = α + β Where α and β called the amplitude of the
states which are a complex number.
 Concept of Qubits and its Properties
A qubit, or quantum bit, is the fundamental unit of information
in a quantum computer. Unlike classical bits, which can be in
either the 0 or 1 state, qubits can exist in both 0 and 1 states at
the same time, a property known as superposition. This means
that a qubit can represent not just two, but an infinite number of
possible states simultaneously, which makes quantum
computers potentially much more powerful than classical
computers for certain types of computations.
Another important properties of quantum computing are
interference and entanglement.
 Interference refers to wave properties adding and subtracting the
magnitude which allows state manipulation.
 Entanglement, which allows two or more qubits to be correlated in
such a way that the state of one qubit can affect the state of another
qubit, even if they are separated by large distances.
Contd..
Moore's Law and its End
This law is a prediction made by Gordon Moore, co-founder
of Intel, in 1965 that the “number of transistors on a
microchip would double approximately every two years”,
leading to a rapid increase in computing power and a decrease
in the cost per transistor.

On the other hand, the pace (speed) of progress in recent

years has slowed down and some experts predict that the
end of Moore's Law is near. This is because it is becoming
increasingly difficult to manufacture transistors that are
smaller and more densely packed, as the physical limits of
silicon and other materials are reached. Additionally, power
consumption and heat dissipation are becoming major
challenges, as more transistors on a chip require more
energy and generate more heat.
Contd..

In spite of this, there is still ongoing research and

development aimed at extending Moore's Law and finding new
ways to improve the performance of computer chips.

 Some experts predict that novel materials and

manufacturing techniques, such as graphene and
nanotechnology, may play a role in extending the life of
Moore's Law. However, it is also possible that the end of
Moore's Law could lead to a slowdown in the rate of
improvement in computing power, or a shift towards
alternative technologies such as quantum computing.
Moore’s law showing increasing number of transistors on silicon
Single Particle Quantum Interference
Quantum interference is a phenomenon that occurs when
particles exhibit wave-like behavior and interfere with
themselves. This interference can be observed in a single-particle
system, such as a single photon passing through a double-slit
experiment.
In the double-slit experiment, a single photon is sent through
two parallel slits and the resulting interference pattern is
observed on a screen. The interference pattern arises from the
wave-like nature of the photon, as it passes through both slits
and interferes with itself.
The interference pattern on the screen shows regions of bright
fringes and dark fringes, which correspond to regions of
constructive and destructive interference, respectively. The
bright fringes occur where the waves from both slits reinforce
each other, while the dark fringes occur where the waves cancel
each other out.
Here is a diagram illustrating the concept of single-particle quantum
interference in a double-slit experiment:

In the diagram, a single photon is shown passing through two

parallel slits and creating an interference pattern on the screen.
The wave nature of the photon causes it to interfere with itself,
creating regions of bright and dark fringes on the screen.
This interference pattern is a fundamental aspect of quantum
mechanics and can be observed not only in single-particle
systems, but also in larger systems such as molecules and even
entire atoms. It is a key concept in understanding the strange and
dual nature behavior of particles in the quantum world.
Interference Fringes
In a classical computer, a bit can only be in one
of two states: 0 or 1. In a quantum computer, a
qubit can exist in multiple states
simultaneously, allowing it to process
information in a more parallel manner. This
allows quantum computers to perform certain
calculations much faster and more efficiently
than classical computers.