INTRODUCTION TO

MACHINE LEARNING
MEANING OF ML:
What is Machine Learning

In the real world, we are surrounded by humans who

can learn everything from their experiences with their
learning capability, and we have computers or
machines which work on our instructions. But can a
machine also learn from experiences or past data like
a human does? So here comes the role of Machine
Learning.
Machine Learning is said as a subset of artificial intelligence that is mainly concerned
with the development of algorithms which allow a computer to learn from the data and
past experiences on their own. The term machine learning was first introduced by
Arthur Samuel in 1959. We can define it in a summarized way as:
“Machine learning enables a machine to automatically learn from data, improve
performance from experiences, and predict things without being explicitly
programmed.”
With the help of sample historical data, which is known as training data, machine
learning algorithms build a mathematical model that helps in making predictions or
decisions without being explicitly programmed. Machine learning brings computer
science and statistics together for creating predictive models. Machine learning
constructs or uses the algorithms that learn from historical data. The more we will
provide the information, the higher will be the performance.
A machine has the ability to learn if it can improve its performance by gaining more
data.
WORKING OF MACHINE LEARNING:
A Machine Learning system learns from historical data, builds the
prediction models, and whenever it receives new data, predicts the
output for it. The accuracy of predicted output depends upon the
amount of data, as the huge amount of data helps to build a better
model which predicts the output more accurately.
Suppose we have a complex problem, where we need to perform some
predictions, so instead of writing a code for it, we just need to feed the
data to generic algorithms, and with the help of these algorithms,
machine builds the logic as per the data and predict the output.
Machine learning has changed our way of thinking about the problem.
The below block diagram explains the working of Machine Learning
algorithm:
FEATURES OF ML:
• Machine learning uses data to detect various patterns in a given dataset.
• It can learn from past data and improve automatically.
• It is a data-driven technology.
• Machine learning is much similar to data mining as it also deals with the
huge amount of the data
Need for Machine Learning:
The need for machine learning is increasing day by day. The reason behind the need for machine learning is that it
is capable of doing tasks that are too complex for a person to implement directly. As a human, we have some
limitations as we cannot access the huge amount of data manually, so for this, we need some computer systems
and here comes the machine learning to make things easy for us.
We can train machine learning algorithms by providing them the huge amount of data and let them explore the
data, construct the models, and predict the required output automatically. The performance of the machine
learning algorithm depends on the amount of data, and it can be determined by the cost function. With the help of
machine learning, we can save both time and money.
The importance of machine learning can be easily understood by its uses cases, Currently, machine learning is
used in self-driving cars, cyber fraud detection, face recognition, and friend suggestion by Facebook, etc. Various
top companies such as Netflix and Amazon have build machine learning models that are using a vast amount of
data to analyze the user interest and recommend product accordingly.
Following are some key points which show the importance of Machine Learning:

• Rapid increment in the production of data

• Solving complex problems, which are difficult for a human
• Decision making in various sector including finance
• Finding hidden patterns and extracting useful information from data.
Classification of Machine
Learning:
machine learning can be classified
into three types:
• Supervised learning
• Unsupervised learning
• Reinforcement learning
1) Supervised Learning
• Supervised learning is a type of machine learning method in which we provide
sample labeled data to the machine learning system in order to train it, and on that
basis, it predicts the output.
• The system creates a model using labeled data to understand the datasets and learn
about each data, once the training and processing are done then we test the model
by providing a sample data to check whether it is predicting the exact output or not.
• The goal of supervised learning is to map input data with the output data. The
supervised learning is based on supervision, and it is the same as when a student
learns things in the supervision of the teacher. The example of supervised learning is
spam filtering.
• Supervised learning can be grouped further in two categories of algorithms:
• Classification
• Regression
2) Unsupervised Learning
Unsupervised learning is a learning method in which a machine learns without any
supervision.
The training is provided to the machine with the set of data that has not been labeled,
classified, or categorized, and the algorithm needs to act on that data without any
supervision. The goal of unsupervised learning is to restructure the input data into new
features or a group of objects with similar patterns.
In unsupervised learning, we don't have a predetermined result. The machine tries to
find useful insights from the huge amount of data. It can be further classifieds into two
categories of algorithms:
• Clustering
• Association
3) Reinforcement Learning
Reinforcement learning is a feedback-based learning method, in which a
learning agent gets a reward for each right action and gets a penalty for
each wrong action. The agent learns automatically with these feedbacks
and improves its performance. In reinforcement learning, the agent
interacts with the environment and explores it. The goal of an agent is to
get the most reward points, and hence, it improves its performance.
The robotic dog, which automatically learns the movement of his arms, is
an example of Reinforcement learning.
History of Machine Learning

Before some years (about 40-50 years), machine learning was science
fiction, but today it is the part of our daily life. Machine learning is
making our day to day life easy from self-driving cars to Amazon
virtual assistant "Alexa". However, the idea behind machine learning
is so old and has a long history. Below some milestones are given
which have occurred in the history of machine learning:
Machine Learning at present:

Now machine learning has got a great advancement in its research, and
it is present everywhere around us, such as self-driving cars, Amazon
Alexa, Catboats, recommender system, and many more. It includes
Supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning with clustering,
classification, decision tree, SVM algorithms, etc.

Modern machine learning models can be used for making various

predictions, including weather prediction, disease prediction, stock
market analysis, etc.
Applications of Machine learning:
Machine learning is a buzzword for today's technology, and
it is growing very rapidly day by day. We are using machine
learning in our daily life even without knowing it such as
Google Maps, Google assistant, Alexa, etc. Below are some
most trending real-world applications of Machine Learning:
1. Image Recognition:
Image recognition is one of the most common applications
of machine learning. It is used to identify objects, persons,
places, digital images, etc. The popular use case of image
recognition and face detection is, Automatic friend tagging
suggestion:
Facebook provides us a feature of auto friend tagging
suggestion. Whenever we upload a photo with our Facebook
friends, then we automatically get a tagging suggestion with
name, and the technology behind this is machine learning's
face detection and recognition algorithm.
It is based on the Facebook project named "Deep Face,"
which is responsible for face recognition and person
identification in the picture.
2. Speech Recognition
While using Google, we get an option of "Search by voice," it comes under speech recognition, and it's a popular
application of machine learning.
Speech recognition is a process of converting voice instructions into text, and it is also known as "Speech to text", or
"Computer speech recognition." At present, machine learning algorithms are widely used by various applications of
speech recognition. Google assistant, Siri, Cortana, and Alexa are using speech recognition technology to follow the
voice instructions.
3. Traffic prediction:
If we want to visit a new place, we take help of Google Maps, which shows us the correct path with the shortest route
and predicts the traffic conditions.
It predicts the traffic conditions such as whether traffic is cleared, slow-moving, or heavily congested with the help of
two ways:
Real Time location of the vehicle form Google Map app and sensors
Average time has taken on past days at the same time.
Everyone who is using Google Map is helping this app to make it better. It takes information from the user and sends
back to its database to improve the performance.
4. Product recommendations:
Machine learning is widely used by various e-commerce and entertainment
companies such as Amazon, Netflix, etc., for product recommendation to the user.
Whenever we search for some product on Amazon, then we started getting an
advertisement for the same product while internet surfing on the same browser and
this is because of machine learning.
Google understands the user interest using various machine learning algorithms and
suggests the product as per customer interest.
As similar, when we use Netflix, we find some recommendations for entertainment
series, movies, etc., and this is also done with the help of machine learning.
5. Self-driving cars:
One of the most exciting applications of machine learning is self-driving cars. Machine
learning plays a significant role in self-driving cars. Tesla, the most popular car
manufacturing company is working on self-driving car. It is using unsupervised learning
method to train the car models to detect people and objects while driving.
6. Email Spam and Malware Filtering:

Whenever we receive a new email, it is filtered automatically as important, normal, and spam. We always
receive an important mail in our inbox with the important symbol and spam emails in our spam box, and the
technology behind this is Machine learning. Below are some spam filters used by Gmail:

• Content Filter

• Header filter

• General blacklists filter

• Rules-based filters

• Permission filters

Some machine learning algorithms such as Multi-Layer Perceptron, Decision tree, and Naïve Bayes classifier
are used for email spam filtering and malware detection.
7. Virtual Personal Assistant:

We have various virtual personal assistants such as Google assistant, Alexa, Cortana, Siri. As the name suggests, they help
us in finding the information using our voice instruction. These assistants can help us in various ways just by our voice
instructions such as Play music, call someone, Open an email, Scheduling an appointment, etc.

These assistant record our voice instructions, send it over the server on a cloud, and decode it using ML algorithms and act
accordingly.

8. Online Fraud Detection:

Machine learning is making our online transaction safe and secure by detecting fraud transaction. Whenever we perform
some online transaction, there may be various ways that a fraudulent transaction can take place such as fake accounts,
fake ids, and steal money in the middle of a transaction. So to detect this, Feed Forward Neural network helps us by
checking whether it is a genuine transaction or a fraud transaction.

For each genuine transaction, the output is converted into some hash values, and these values become the input for the next
round. For each genuine transaction, there is a specific pattern which gets change for the fraud transaction hence, it
detects it and makes our online transactions more secure.
9. Stock Market trading:
Machine learning is widely used in stock market trading. In the stock market, there is always a risk
of up and downs in shares, so for this machine learning's long short term memory neural network is
used for the prediction of stock market trends.
10. Medical Diagnosis:
In medical science, machine learning is used for diseases diagnoses. With this, medical technology is
growing very fast and able to build 3D models that can predict the exact position of lesions in the
brain.
It helps in finding brain tumors and other brain-related diseases easily.
11. Automatic Language Translation:
Nowadays, if we visit a new place and we are not aware of the language then it is not a problem at
all, as for this also machine learning helps us by converting the text into our known languages.
Google's GNMT (Google Neural Machine Translation) provide this feature, which is a Neural
Machine Learning that translates the text into our familiar language, and it called as automatic
translation.
The technology behind the automatic translation is a sequence to sequence learning algorithm, which
is used with image recognition and translates the text from one language to another language.
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