UNIT # 2 Interlinguistic analysis between

English and Spanish.

Content name:Parts of speech in English

Subject: Comparative Linguistics

Teacher´s name: B.A. Yosselin Arantxa Sánchez Villatoro
 How different are the grammatical
components of the English language in
relation to those of Spanish?
 Parts of speech
They are just words, they don't
really tell us something. But, as
soon as we assign each word a
role (a part of speech), and put
them into a sentence, we actually
get something meaningful.
 PARTS OF
SPEECH

There are eight parts of speech in English (some include articles/9 parts). A part of speech
is a category into which one places a word depending on how it functions in a sentence.
The same word may be different parts of speech, depending on
.
the word’s use in the
sentence.
Only a close examination of what a word is doing in a sentence reveals its part of speech.
 The Eight Parts of Speech
• NOUN.
• PRONOUN.
• VERB.
• ADJECTIVE.
• ADVERB.
• PREPOSITION.
• CONJUNCTION.
• INTERJECTION.

.
 Noun
A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, or
idea:
• People farmer, mechanic, father, Professor
Haskins, editors, Marcia
• Places ocean, Canada, porch, Spain, classroom
• Things scissors, giraffe, pen, smiles, tugboat,
skateboard, braces, drill
• Ideas love, inspiration, courage, anxiety,
eagerness, happiness
 THE PRONOUN
The pronoun (L. pro nomine = for the
noun) is a word substituting for a noun or
another pronoun. The noun for which the
pronoun is a substitute is called the
ANTECEDENT (ante + cedo = to go before)
of the pronoun, and the antecedent must
always be a single word, either stated or
implied.
Sometimes, the antecedent can follow the
pronoun.
Mark said that Mark would be late. Mark
said that he would be late. (The pronoun
“he” substitutes for the noun “Mark.”
“Mark” is the antecedent of “he.”)
After he built the fire, Chuck died. (The
pronoun “he” comes before its
antecedent, “Mark.”)
 Personal: refer to the three persons involved in (I, you, he, she, it, etc.)

Impersonal: refer to non-humans ( it, they)

Relative: refer to a person or thing, begin a dependent clause, and relate that person or thing
in the dependent clause to a noun or pronoun in the rest of the sentence (who, whom, whose,
which, what that) (Example: My doctor whom I trust fell out of bed and died.)

Demonstrative: point to something (this, these; that, those)

Types of
Pronouns Interrogative: ask questions (who? which? what? whose? whom?)

Reflexive: repeat or intensify the antecedent (I myself; he himself; she herself; you yourself;
they themselves; we ourselves)

Reciprocal: express mutual action or relationship (each other; one another)

Indefinite: refer to no specific person or thing:

Singular: another anyone, anybody, anything someone, somebody, something everyone,
everybody, everything none, nobody, nothing each, either, neither
Plural: several, some, many, few, all
 THE ADJECTIVE

THE ADJECTIVE The adjective (Latin adjectivum = added to) describes, modifies, alters, specifies
our understanding of a noun or pronoun.
An adjective modifies (qualifies or limits the meaning of ) a noun or a pronoun. It answers the
questions, What kind? Which one(s)? How many? How much?

• Carrie read an interesting story. ( What kind of story?)

• The recent article has that information. ( Which article?)
• Kent owns those surfboards. (Which surfboards?)
• Wendy paid fifty dollars for the jacket. ( How many dollars?)
Adjectives have three degrees –
- Positive (an adjective describes one thing and offers no comparison): sweet, fine, intelligent, beautiful)
-Comparative (an adjective compares two things only): sweeter, finer, more intelligent, less beautiful
(Use “more” or “less” in the comparative degree if the adjective has more than two syllables
-Superlative (an adjective compares more than two things): sweetest, finest, most intelligent, least
beautiful (Use “most” or “least” in the superlative degree if the adjective has more than two syllables.)

- Irregular Comparatives: good, better, best well, better, best nigh, near, next bad, worse, worst little,
less, least.
- Absolute Adjectives: These adjectives never compare because they identify characteristics a person or
thing either has or does not have; there are no degrees: dead alive pregnant full empty unique
complete perfect fatal.
 When is a word a pronoun? When is a word an
adjective?

These demonstrative pronouns can be used as

adjectives: that, these, this, and those.
These interrogative pronouns can be used as adjectives:
what and which.
These indefinite pronouns can be used as adjectives: all,
another, any, both, each, either, few, many, more, most,
neither, other, several, and some.

This problem is difficult. ( This is an adjective since it

answers the question, Which problem?)
This is difficult. ( This is a pronoun since it takes the place
of a noun and does not modify a noun or a pronoun.)
Some people are very funny. ( Some is an adjective since it
answers the question, Which people?)
Some are funny. ( Some is a pronoun since it takes the
place of a noun and does not modify a noun or a pronoun.)
 The verb
(Latin verbum = word) is the only
essential word in the sentence. If
your sentence lacks a verb, the
sentence is not a sentence. The verb
expresses action or state of being.
There are several types of verbs to
be studied:
• The action verb (Transitive or
Intransitive)
• Stative verbs
• The linking verb
• and the helping (Auxiliary)
 Types of verbs
Linking Verbs Helping Verbs
Action Verbs A linking verb connects (or A helping verb assists the
An action verb tells what links) a subject to a noun or main verb in a sentence. The
action (often a physical an adjective in the predicate. common helping verbs are
action) a subject is The most common linking am, is, are, was, were, be,
performing, has performed, verbs are the forms of the been, being, has, had, have,
or will perform. verb “to be” ( is, are, was, do, does, did, may, might,
• My father delivers were, been, being, am ) and must, can, could, shall,
packages to department appear , become, feel, grow, should, will, and would..
stores each day. look, remain, seem, smell,
• Louie played a perfect sound, stay, taste, and turn. • The members will be in
game last night. the city tomorrow evening.
• My sister is a doctor. • She can play the guitar.
• The food tastes delicious.
 A number of verbs can refer to states or
Types of verbs actions, depending on the context.

I think it's a good idea.

Wait a moment! I'm thinking.

Stative verbs The first sentence expresses an opinion.

It is a mental state, so we use present
simple. In the second example the
They describe a state rather than an action. speaker is actively processing thoughts
about something. It is an action in
Stative verbs often relate to: progress, so we use present continuous.

• Thoughts and opinions: agree, believe, doubt, guess, imagine, know, mean,
recognize, remember, suspect, think, understand

• Feelings and emotions: dislike, hate, like, love, prefer, want, wish I don't know the answer. I'm
not knowing the answer.
• Senses and perceptions: appear, be, feel, hear, look, see, seem, smell, taste She really likes you. She's
really liking you.
• Possession and measurement: belong, have, measure, own, possess, weigh.
*They aren't usually used
in the present continuous
form.
 ADVERB
AN ADVERB IS a word that modifies
(qualifies or limits) a verb, an adjective,
or another adverb.
◗ Many adverbs end in - ly .
◗ Adverbs answer any of these four
questions: Where? When? How? To what
extent?
◗ Adverbs make writing more specific
and more exact.
◗ Here are some adverbs that do not
end in - ly :
again almost alone already also always
away even ever here just later never not
now nowhere
 Adverbs modify verbs:
John ate quickly . ( How did he eat?)
I walk there . ( Where did I walk?)
Ashleigh will eat soon . ( When will Ashleigh

Adverbs modify adjectives:

Rex is very happy. ( Very modifies the adjective happy and answers the question, To
what
extent?)
Adverbs can The program was too unrealistic. ( Too modifies the adjective unrealistic and answers
modify the
question, To what extent?)

Adverbs modify other adverbs:

Warren walks too quickly. ( Too modifies the adverb quickly and answers the question,
How quickly?)
He moved rather recently. ( Rather modifies the adverb recently and answers the
question,
How recently?)
•}
 Preposition

A common preposition is a word that

shows the relationship between a noun
or a pronoun and
another word in the sentence.
The man swam under the bridge. ( Under
connects the idea of swam and bridge .)
She walked down the aisle. ( Down
connects walked and aisle .)
There are prepositions for:
Time, Place, and Introducing Objects
• I will see you on Monday.
• There is a wasp in the room.
• The rabbit burrowed under the
ground.
 Words that are sometimes prepositions can act as adverbs. A preposition
requires an object. An adverb does not.

A single word acting as an adverb answers where, when, how or to what

degree about the verb.

Prepositions If you want to see the eclipse, you will need to go outside.

vs Adverbs
OUTSIDE tells you where YOU WILL NEED TO GO.
NOTE: Without an object OUTSIDE is an adverb.

When the same word is a preposition, the entire prepositional phrase acts
as an adverb modifying the verb.
Dorothy colors outside the lines.
OUTSIDE THE LINES is an adverbial phrase and OUTSIDE is a preposition. It
has an object = The lines
 CONJUNCTION

A conjunction connects words or group of words . There are three types of

conjunctions: coordinating conjunctions , correlative conjunctions , and
subordinating conjunctions.
A coordinating conjunction is a single connecting word. These seven words
are for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so.
• The boys worked, and girls helped at the fair. ( And joins the names boys and
girls. )
Correlative conjunctions are pairs of connecting words. These five pairs of
words are both/and, either/or, neither/nor, not only/but also, and whether/or.
• Both Henry and Henrietta are leaving the dance now. (The correlative
conjunctions join two names.)
A subordinating conjunction is a word that connects an independent clause to
a dependent clause. An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence.
• After - “Your heart will break like mine after you’ve gone”
• Although - “Although I’ve been here before, he’s just too hard to ignore”
Interjection
It is a word that expresses strong feeling or emotion:
◗ An interjection usually comes at the beginning of the
sentence.
◗ An interjection is often followed by an exclamation point
(!) when the emotion is strong or a comma (,) when the
emotion is mild.
◗ Do not overuse interjections. Include one when you want
to make your point. If you use too many interjections, your
writing loses its power and effectiveness.
◗ Here are some common interjections:
• Aw!
• Bravo!
• Eh!
• Gee Golly!
• Goodness!
• Hallelujah!
• Hey!
• Hurrah!
 Complementary resources
Resource Title Reference
PDF GRAMMAR REVIEW I PARTS OF SPEECH (molloy,s.f)
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