1 Agricultural Extension

PROFESSIONAL BOARD EXAM
FOR
AGRICULTURISTS
Review Materials
(AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION)
Prepared by:
Dr. BLANDA R. SUMAYAO
Professor
University of the Philippines Los Baños
College, Laguna 1
(AGRICULTURAL
EXTENSION)
IN A NUTSHELL
⮚ has its own HISTORY
⮚ is oriented towards an OBJECTIVE
⮚ works according to PRINCIPLES
⮚ is based on THEORIES
⮚ performs FUNCTIONS
⮚ takes on VARIOUS FORMS
⮚ Chooses METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES
⮚ uses suitable TOOLS
⮚ is practiced within EXTENSION APPROACHES
BRSumayao UPLB 2
EARLY BEGINNINGS
(Europe and the USA)
⮚ started from DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
⮚ originated from UNIVERSITIES
⮚ thus derived from EDUCATIONAL
DEVELOPMENTS in these universities

⮚ hence, is an EDUCATIONAL PROCESS
aimed at changing BEHAVIOR OF PEOPLE
BRSumayao UPLB 3
EARLY BEGINNINGS . . .
A. Stirrings in the 19th century England
• In 1840’s…
The term UNIVERSITY EXTENSION was first
commonly used in BRITAIN
• In 1850’s…
Discussions began in two ancient universities
⮚ OXFORD
⮚ CAMBRIDGE
about how they could serve the needs of the rapidly
growing population in the industrial, urban areas
BRSumayao UPLB 4
• In 1867…
First practical attempt was made in what
was designated “UNIVERSITY EXTENSION”
⮚ not for students enrolled in the universities
⮚ bringing the university outside of its
campus to people who could not qualify for
entry into university
BRSumayao UPLB 5
• In 1871…
JAMES STUART
⮚ Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge
⮚ Appealed to authorities of University of
Cambridge to organize CENTERS FOR
EXTENSION LECTURES under university’s
supervision
BRSumayao UPLB 6
• Stuart gave lectures to

- women’s associations
- working men’s clubs
• Lectures mostly on
- Literacy
- social topics
• STUART often considered as ‘FATHER OF
UNIVERSITY EXTENSION’
BRSumayao UPLB 7
• In 1873…
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE adopted the
system
• In 1876…
UNIVERSITY OF LONDON followed
• In 1878…
UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD followed
BRSumayao UPLB 8
• In 1880’s…
- system became well-established and developed into
what was to be called EXTENSION MOVEMENT
- thus, extension became a more INSTITUTIONALIZED
FUNCTION of the universities
- tri-functions therefore of universities
⮚ INSTRUCTION
⮚ RESEARCH
⮚ EXTENSION
BRSumayao UPLB 9
B. Birth of Modern Agricultural Extension Service

• In Europe
✔ 1841 – Founding of the ROYAL AGRICULTURAL
IMPROVEMENT SOCIETY (RAIS) in Britain
✔ 1845 – outbreak of potato blight in Europe
- effect was most severe in Ireland where the
predominantly peasant community relied on
potatoes as staple food
BRSumayao UPLB 10
✔ 1847 – the newly appointed British viceroy

to Ireland, the Earl of Clarendon, urged the
RAIS to appoint ITENERANT LECTURERS to
travel around the distressed districts to
INFORM and SHOW small farmers how to
IMPROVE CULTIVATION and GROW
NUTRITIOUS CROPS
✔ 1890’s – the universities began to cover
AGRICULTURAL SUBJECTS in lectures
BRSumayao UPLB 11
• In the USA
✔1850’s – TWO DEVELOPMENTS significant to the
evolution of agricultural extension in the USA
1. Signing of the MORILL ACT of 1862 by Pres.
Lincoln during the Civil War providing for the
creation of LAND GRANT COLLEGES AND
UNIVERSITIES
✔Funds were made available from the Federal
Government to establish demonstration
centers/experimental stations
BRSumayao UPLB 12
2. The beginning of FARMERS’ INSTITUTE

MOVEMENTS
❖ organized one-to-two-day meetings for
farmers
❖ invited professors from state colleges and
universities as speakers
• In 1890…
– SECOND MORILL ACT was passed
❖ extended Land-Grant concept in other areas of the
USA
❖ Farmers’ Institute Movements now INSTITUTIONALIZED
with FEDERAL SUPPORT and SUPERVISION
BRSumayao UPLB 13
✔ By the end of the century, a system

of agricultural extension work
became well established in the USA
with STATE COLLEGES and
UNIVERSITIES TAKING OVER THE
INITIATION AND ORGANIZATION OF
SAID ACTIVITY.
BRSumayao UPLB 14
• 1914 – Passage of the SMITH-LEVER ACT

❖ Established the COOPERATIVE EXTENSION
SERVICE - a tripartite cooperation between
the
✔ federal government
✔ state government
✔ local country government with the
✔ SCUs
as extension agency
BRSumayao UPLB 15
OBJECTIVE of the Cooperative Extension Service
“… to aid in DIFFUSING among people in the

USA USEFUL and PRACTICAL INFORMATION in
subjects related to AGRICULTURE and HOME
ECONOMICS.”
BRSumayao UPLB 16
EXTENSION IN THE PHILIPPINE SETTING:
The Significant Milestones
• 1565
❖ The beginnings of “extension work”
through the setting up of GRANJAS
MODELOS or MODEL FARMS
✔ initiated by the first Spanish missionaries
✔ to educate farmers who grew rice, corn,
tobacco in large encomiendos.
BRSumayao UPLB 17
Philippine Setting . . .
• Towards the end of the 18th century

❖ REGULATORY FUNCTIONS
- Supervision of tobacco fields
- Grading of tobacco leaves for export
were provided by the extension service
BRSumayao UPLB 18
• October 18, 1901

❖Start of more serious attempt at
extension work under the AMERICAN
REGIME
• April 30, 1902
❖Establishment of the BUREAU OF
AGRICULTURE under the Department of
Interior
BRSumayao UPLB 19
• July 1910
❖ Creation of the DEMONSTRATION AND EXTENSION
DIVISION under the Bureau of Agriculture making it the
- FIRST FORMALLY ORGANIZED
GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENT IMPLEMENTING
RESEARCH AND EXTENSION PROGRAMS
❖ Setting up of several experiment stations and
demonstration farms in strategic places in the country.
BRSumayao UPLB 20
• 1910…
❖Agricultural schools were also
established to educate and train
government agricultural workers and
others engaged in agricultural
services.
BRSumayao UPLB 21
• July 10, 1919
❖ The extension and Demonstration Division
expanded its work to include
- ORGANIZATION OF FARMERS’ COOPERATIVE
- RURAL CREDIT
- ANIMAL INSURANCE
❖ Person engaged in extension work were called
FARM ADVISERS
BRSumayao UPLB 22
• 1923 …
❖ The name Demonstration and Extension
Division was changed to AGRICULTURAL
EXTENSION SERVICE
❖ Related events
✔ HOME EXTENSION WORK was started in the
Division of Organic Chemistry of the Bureau of
Soils mainly on FOOD PRESERVATION
✔ MARIA Y. OROSA founded the home extension
service.
BRSumayao UPLB 23
• 1929 …
❖ The Bureau of Agriculture was reorganized
with the creation of the
✔ Bureau of Animal Industry
✔ Bureau of Plant Industry
with both bureaus continuing to do and

expand their extension activities.
BRSumayao UPLB 24
• 1936 …
❖ COMMONWEALTH ACT 85 was passed
establishing PROVINCIAL EXTENSION SERVICES
financed by the provincial and municipal
governments
❖ Some significant result
✔ emergence of BROADER AND MORE
COMPREHENSIVE AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION
SYSTEM
BRSumayao UPLB 25
❖Extension service in the

Philippines became a serious
organized business
❖Position of PROVINCIAL
AGRICULTURIST was created
❖Farm Advisers now called
EXTENSION AGENTS
BRSumayao UPLB 26
❖ Some CONSTRAINTS
✔ The home economics group was under the
Plant Utilization Division of BPI
✔ Insufficiency of funds
✔ Unsystematic, scattered, and decentralized
agricultural extension service work done
by the different branches of government
made it difficult for extension agents to
render fully satisfactory service to the
people.
BRSumayao UPLB 27
• Undated
❖ COMMONWEALTH ACT 649 was passed
INCREASING the AMOUNT
APPROPRIATED FOR EXTENSION WORK
❖ Set-up of agricultural extension service
CONTINUED UNTIL THE OUTBREAK OF
WORLD WAR II
BRSumayao UPLB 28
• 1942-1945 (Japanese Occupation)

❖Home economics and agricultural
extension work
- SUFFERED DRAWBACKS
❖EXTENSION WORK WAS PARALYZED
BRSumayao UPLB 29
• After Japanese Occupation

❖1947
✔ The Home Extension Unit under BPI
was FUSED with the AGRICULTURAL
EXTENSION UNIT of the Bureau of
Agriculture.
BRSumayao UPLB 30
• 1950
❖ The Philippine Government REQUESTED the
USA to SEND AN ECONOMIC SURVEY MISSION
to the Philippines to:
“CONSIDER THE FINANCIAL PROBLEMS OF

THE COUNTRY AND TO RECOMMEND
MEASURES THAT WILL ENABLE THE
PHILIPPINES TO BECOME AND TO REMAIN
SELF-SUPPORTING”
BRSumayao UPLB 31
The Bell Survey Mission Recommendation

❖ The CONSOLIDATION of the SCATTERED
EXTENSION SERVICE ORGANIZATIONS in
the different bureaus (BPI, BAI, BS, BFor,
BFis) into ONE BUREAU that would
ADEQUATELY EXTEND INFORMATION TO
FARM FAMILIES for improved FARMING,
HOMEMAKING, and RURAL
ORGANIZATION.
BRSumayao UPLB 32
• In July 1952
❖ Congress enacted REPUBLIC ACT No. 680
CREATING THE BUREAU OF AGRICULTURAL
EXTENSION (BAEx).
❖ This was in RESPONSE TO the recommendation
of the BELL SURVEY MISSION that all the
extension activities of the DA become the
responsibility of one bureau.
BRSumayao UPLB 33
• August 8, 1963
❖ The BAEx was RENAMED
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY
COMMISSION (APC) and placed
UNDER the OFFICE OF THE
PRESIDENT.
BRSumayao UPLB 34
❖ Function of APC was BROADENED to accelerate

✔ progressive improvement in the productivity of
farms
✔ advancement of farmers
✔ strengthening of the existing agricultural services
through the CONSOLIDATION OF ALL
✔ promotional
✔ educational and
✔ informational activities pertaining to agriculture.
BRSumayao UPLB
35
Positive Consequence of Broadened Function of

APC
❖ Implementation of the NATIONAL INTEGRATED
LAND REFORM PROGRAM due to team up of
✔ agriculture
✔ home demonstrations
✔ 4-H Club officers
in carrying out extension activities which allowed
CONCENTRATED TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE to
people in the countryside.
BRSumayao UPLB 36
• Undated
❖ Executive Order No. 62 creating the RICE
AND CORN AUTHORITY (RCA)
✔ extended CREDIT for seeds, pesticides,
and harvesting
✔ had FERTILIZER SUBSIDY PROGRAM for
participating farmers
BRSumayao UPLB 37
• In 1969
❖ Executive Order No. 183 creating the
NATIONAL FOOD AND AGRICULTURE
COUNCIL (NFAC)
✔ was given FULL CONTROL OF FOOD
PRODUCTION PROGRAM
✔ CONTROLLED a large portion of FUNDS for
agriculture and funding from The USAID
BRSumayao UPLB 38
• In 1972
❖ Declaration of MARTIAL LAW
❖ Several ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGES
AFFECTED AGRICULTURAL
EXTENSION.
BRSumayao UPLB 39
• November 1, 1972
❖ Presidential Decree No. 1 and
Presidential Letter of Implementation
REVERTED THE APC TO ITS ORIGINAL
NAME, THE BAEx
BRSumayao UPLB 40
• Other CHANGES
❖ Functions and personnel of COOPERATIVES were
TRANSFERRED to the DEPARTMENT OF LOCAL
GOVERNMENT AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
(DILG)
❖ Presidential Decree 970
✔ ABOLISHED the Bureau of Farm Management of the
DAR
✔ DAR’s extension function was TRANSFERRED to BAEx
BRSumayao UPLB 41
• July 1, 1973
❖ The BAEx was TRANSFERRED back to
DA
❖ The ABACA and OTHER FIBERS BOARD
was FUSED with BAEx
BRSumayao UPLB 42
• In 1977
❖ A WORLD BANK MISSION APPRAISED the
Philippines’ agricultural extension service UPON
REQUEST of the Philippine government
❖ RESULTS
✔ The Philippines ADOPTED the TRAINING AND VISIT
SYSTEM (T & V)) which evolved into a development
strategy designed to improve the quality of life of
farm families through a pool of resources.
BRSumayao UPLB 43
• March 27, 1979

❖ The NATIONAL EXTENSION PROJECT
became OPERATIONAL
❖ With WORLD BANK LOAN of US$ 35M
❖ To STRENGTHEN Philippine agricultural
system with FACILITIES and RESOURCES
BRSumayao UPLB 44
• The EXTENSION DELIVERY SYSTEM

❖ Responsible for the SYSTEMATIC TRANSFER OF
TECHNOLOGICAL PACKAGES from research institutions
to the small rural entrepreneurs and of IMPROVED
HOMEMAKING PRACTICES to their homes.
❖ All these were aimed at INCREASING AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTION AND FARMERS’ INCOME and
IMPROVING THEIR NUTRITIONAL STATUS
BRSumayao UPLB 45
• In 1978
❖ PD No. 1579 and LOI No. 595 CREATED MINISTRY-
WIDE REGIONAL OFFICES in the Ministry of
Agriculture
❖ APPOINTMENT of 75 PAOs in 1980
❖ EO No. 967- RENAMED the Ministry of Agriculture
into the MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD
(MAF); transferred the BFAR from the Ministry of
Natural Resources to the MAF
BRSumayao UPLB 46
• In 1982…
❖ EO No. 803 designating the PROVINCE as
the POLITICAL UNIT OF MANAGEMENT
for INDUCING AGRICULTURAL
DEVELOPMENT
BRSumayao UPLB 47
❖ Organizational Set-up
Minister of Agriculture
Regional Director
Provincial Agricultural Officer
Municipal Agricultural officer
BRSumayao UPLB 48
• Organizational Set-up at Provincial Level
Provincial Agricultural Officer
MAO Provincial Senior Rural Youth

SMS HMT Development
Officer
Agricultural
Food
Technicians
BRSumayao UPLB 49
• In 1987…
❖ EO No. 116 – MERGED the
✔ BAEx
✔ Agricultural Training Council
✔ Philippine Training Center for Rural
Development
into the
✔ AGRICULTURAL TRAINING INSTITUTE (ATI)
The “BIRTH” of the ATI meant the “DEATH” of the
BAEx
BRSumayao UPLB 50
ATI’s Mandate…
TRAINING OF ALL AGRICULTURAL

EXTENSION WORKERS AND THEIR
CLIENTELE (WHO ARE MOSTLY
FARMERS) AND OTHER
AGRICULTURAL WORKERS
BRSumayao UPLB 51
• In 1991…
❖ RA No. 7160 – LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE
✔ DEVOLVED AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND
TRAINING ACTIVITES to the LOCAL
GOVERNMENT UNITS (LGUs)
NOTE: will be discussed more lengthily in later

session.
BRSumayao UPLB 52
• In 1997…
❖ A legal instrument
RA 8435 known as the AGRICULTURE
AND FISHERIES MODERNIZATION ACT
or AFMA
BRSumayao UPLB 53
• Major Concerns of AFMA…

1. Food security
2. Poverty alleviation and social equity
3. Income enhancement and profitability
especially for farmers and fisherfolks
4. Global Competitiveness
5. Sustainability
BRSumayao UPLB 54
Philippine Setting… AFMA
• Definition of Terms
❖ MODERNIZATION
✔ The PROCESS of
✔ TRANSFORMING the
✔ AGRICULTURE & FISHERIES sectors
into one that is
✔ DYNAMIC
✔ TECHNOLOGICALLY ADVANCED
✔ COMPETITIVE
BRSumayao UPLB 55
✔ Yet CENTERED on
✔ HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
✔ and GUIDED by sound practices of
✔ SUSTAINABILITY
✔ and the PRINCIPLES of SOCIAL
JUSTICE
BRSumayao UPLB 56
• Food Security…
❖ The POLICY OBJECTIVE, PLAN, and STRATEGY of
1. MEETING FOOD REQUIREMENTS of PRESENT
and FUTURE GENERATIONS of Filipinos in
SUBSTANTIAL QUANTITY
2. ensuring the AVAILABILITY and AFFORDABILITY
of food TO ALL
3. either through LOCAL PRODUCTION or
IMPORTATION, or both
BRSumayao UPLB 57
4. Based on the country’s EXISTING and

POTENTIAL RESOURCE ENDOWNMENT
and related production advantages, and
5. CONSISTENT with the OVERALL national
development objectives and policies
BRSumayao UPLB 58
• Poverty Alleviation and Social Equity…

❖ Providing the POOR with
✔ equitable access to resources
✔ income opportunities
✔ basic and support services
✔ infrastructure
especially in areas where productivity is low as a
means of improving their quality of life.
BRSumayao UPLB 59
• Global competitiveness…
❖ The ABILITY to COMPETE in terms of
✔ PRICE
✔ QUALITY
✔ VOLUME
OF AGRICULTURE AND FISHERY PRODUCTS relative to those of OTHER
COUNTRIES
❖ Would require the ability to PRODUCE A PRODUCT WITH

THE GREATEST RELATIVE EFFICIENCY IN THE USE OF
RESOURCES
BRSumayao UPLB 60
• Framework of Sustainable Agriculture

❖ Economically viable
❖ Ecologically sound
❖ Socially just and humane (respects human
dignity, participatory, and equitable)
❖ Culturally appropriate (respects traditions,
values, beliefs, and culture of people)
❖ Grounded on holistic science
(integrative, non-reductionist)
BRSumayao UPLB 61
• Medium and Long-Terms Goals to address

Food Security, Poverty Alleviation, Social
Equity, and Income Enhancement
1. INCREASED INCOME and PROFIT of small
farmers and fisherfolks
2. AVAILABILITY of rice and other staple foods at
AFFORDABLE PRICES
3. REDUCTION of rural poverty and income
inequality
BRSumayao UPLB 62
4. REDUCTION of rural
UNEMPLOYMENT
5. Reduction of incidence of
MALNUTRITION, and
6. IMPROVEMENT in LAND TENURE of
small farmers.
BRSumayao UPLB 63
• Medium and Long-Terms Goals to address

Global Competitiveness and Sustainability
1. INCREASE in VOLUME, QUALITY, and VALUE of

agriculture and fisheries production for
DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION and EXPORTS
2. REDUCTION in post-harvest LOSSES
3. INCREASE in the number/types and quality of
PROCESSED agricultural and fishery PRODUCTS
BRSumayao UPLB 64
4. INCREASE in number of INTERNATIONAL

TRADING PARTNERS in agriculture and fishery
products
5. INCREASE in number of SUSTAINABLE
agriculture and fishery FIRMS engaged in
DOMESTIC PRODUCTION, PROCESSING,
MARKETING, and EXPORT activities.
6. INCREASE in and wider level of
ENTREPRENEURSHIP among farmers and
fisherfolks
BRSumayao UPLB 65
7. INCREASE in number of farms

engaged in DIVERSIFIED FARMING,
and
8. REDUCTION in USE of AGRO-
CHEMICALS that are harmful to
health and the environment
BRSumayao UPLB 66
Structure of the Agricultural Extension Service in

the AFMA
• Mandate
❖ Provision of TRAINING, INFORMATION, and
SUPPORT SERVICES
❖ by Gos and NGOs
❖ to improve TECHNICAL, BUSINESS, and SOCIAL
CAPABILITIES of farmers and fisherfolks
BRSumayao UPLB 67
• Strategy
❖ utilization of RESEARCH RESULTS through
✔ FE
✔ NFE
✔ extension and training services
❖ development of a NATIONAL EXTENSION
SYSTEM that will help accelerate the
transformation of Philippine agriculture and
fisheries from a resource-based to a
technology-based industry
BRSumayao UPLB 68
• Nature of Delivery of Extension Services

❖ multi-disciplinary
❖ involves farmers and fisherfolks and their
organizations, and those engaged in food
and non-food production processing,
including the private and public sectors.
BRSumayao UPLB 69
• Role of LGUs
❖ Responsible for delivering direct agriculture
and fisheries extension services
❖ The province is mandated to “integrate the
operations of the agriculture extension services
and undertake an annual evaluation of all
municipal extension program.”
BRSumayao UPLB 70
• Role of Private Sector
❖ Encourage PARTICIPATION of farmers and
fisherfolks cooperatives and associations and
others in the private sector in the TRAINING
and other COMPLEMENTARY EXTENSION
ACTIVITIES especially in
✔ community organizing
✔ use of participatory approaches
✔ popularization of training materials
✔ regenerative agricultural technologies
✔ agribusiness and management skills
BRSumayao UPLB 71
• Role of SUCs
❖ ASSIST in the LGUs’ extension system by
IMPROVING their effectiveness and efficiency
through
✔ capability building
✔ complementary extension activities such as
❖ TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
❖ TRAINING OF LGU PERSONNEL
❖ IMPROVEMENT OF PHYSICAL FACILITIES
❖ EXTENSION CUM RESEARCH AND INFORMATION
SUPPORT SERVICES.
BRSumayao UPLB 72
• Financing Scheme
❖ Allocation of multi-year budgets that shall be
treated as grants
❖ Transfer of funds from DA to the LGUs as
extension grants
❖ Placing the budget for agriculture and fishery
at a minimum of 1 % of the Gross Value Added
BRSumayao UPLB 73
• Strategic Shift
❖ From food security as the SOLE RESPONSIBILITY
of the DA TOWARDS SHARING that
responsibility with the LGUs and OTHER
STAKEHOLDERS
❖ From PURE COMMODITY, PRODUCTION
VOLUME orientation towards RESULTS,
GREATER VALUE-ADDED, PROFITABILITY, and
PEOPLE’S WELFARE
BRSumayao UPLB 74

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PROFESSIONAL BOARD EXAM

DEVELOPMENTS in these universities

aimed at changing BEHAVIOR OF PEOPLE

• Stuart gave lectures to

B. Birth of Modern Agricultural Extension Service

✔ 1847 – the newly appointed British viceroy

2. The beginning of FARMERS’ INSTITUTE

✔ By the end of the century, a system

• 1914 – Passage of the SMITH-LEVER ACT

OBJECTIVE of the Cooperative Extension Service

“… to aid in DIFFUSING among people in the

• Towards the end of the 18th century

• October 18, 1901

with both bureaus continuing to do and

❖Extension service in the

• 1942-1945 (Japanese Occupation)

❖EXTENSION WORK WAS PARALYZED

• After Japanese Occupation

“CONSIDER THE FINANCIAL PROBLEMS OF

The Bell Survey Mission Recommendation

❖ Function of APC was BROADENED to accelerate

Positive Consequence of Broadened Function of

• March 27, 1979

• The EXTENSION DELIVERY SYSTEM

Provincial Agricultural Officer

Municipal Agricultural officer

• Organizational Set-up at Provincial Level

Provincial Agricultural Officer

MAO Provincial Senior Rural Youth

TRAINING OF ALL AGRICULTURAL

NOTE: will be discussed more lengthily in later

• Major Concerns of AFMA…

4. Based on the country’s EXISTING and

• Poverty Alleviation and Social Equity…

❖ Would require the ability to PRODUCE A PRODUCT WITH

• Framework of Sustainable Agriculture

• Medium and Long-Terms Goals to address

• Medium and Long-Terms Goals to address

1. INCREASE in VOLUME, QUALITY, and VALUE of

4. INCREASE in number of INTERNATIONAL

7. INCREASE in number of farms

Structure of the Agricultural Extension Service in

• Nature of Delivery of Extension Services

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