SQL Queries

Week 7

Muhammad Qasim
SQL Commands
These SQL commands are mainly categorized into four categories as:
 DDL – Data Definition Language

◦ CREATE – is used to create the database or its objects (like table, index,
function, views, store procedure and triggers).
◦ DROP – is used to delete objects from the database.
◦ ALTER-is used to alter the structure of the database.
 DQL – Data Query Language
◦ SELECT – is used to retrieve data from the a database.
 DML – Data Manipulation Language
◦ INSERT – is used to insert data into a table.
◦ UPDATE – is used to update existing data within a table.
◦ DELETE – is used to delete records from a database table.
 DCL – Data Control Language
◦ GRANT-gives user’s access privileges to database.
◦ REVOKE-withdraw user’s access privileges given by using the GRANT command.
Select
Selecting individual columns of data from table:
Syntax:
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name;

Example:
SELECT FirstName, LastName, City 
FROM Customers;

Selecting all columns of data from table:

Example:
SELECT *
FROM Customers;
Select Distinct
Syntax:
SELECT DISTINCT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name;

Example:
SELECT DISTINCT Country FROM Customers;
Where
Syntax:
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

Example:
SELECT FirstName, LastName, City 
FROM Customer
WHERE State = 'NY‘ or state = ‘TX’;

Example:
SELECT FirstName, LastName, City 
FROM Customer
WHERE State = 'NY’ or ‘TX’;

Example:
SELECT FirstName, LastName, City 
FROM Customers
WHERE State = 'NY’ AND Creditlimit = 2000;
And, Or, Not
Syntax:
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition1 AND condition2 AND condition3 ...;

SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition1 OR condition2 OR condition3 ...;

SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE NOT condition;
Example:
SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE Country='Germany' AND City='Berlin';

SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE City='Berlin' OR City='München';

SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE Country='Germany' OR Country='Spain';
Order By
Syntax:
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
ORDER BY column1, column2, ... ASC|DESC;

Example:
SELECT FirstName, LastName, City 
FROM Customer
Order By FirstName DESC;
Order By
Syntax:
SELECT column_names
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IS NULL;

Example:
SELECT FirstName, LastName, City 
FROM Customer
WHERE PostalCode is NULL;
Select Top
Syntax:
SELECT TOP number|percent column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

Example:
SELECT TOP 3 * FROM Customers;
Min and Max
Min():
Syntax:
SELECT MIN(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

Example:
SELECT MIN(CreditLimit)
FROM Customer;

Max():
Syntax:
SELECT MAX(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

Example:
SELECT MAX(CreditLimit)
FROM Customer;
Count, Avg, Sum
Count():
Syntax:
SELECT Count(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

Avg():
Syntax:
SELECT Avg(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

Sum():
Syntax:
SELECT Sum(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
Like
Syntax:
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE columnN LIKE pattern;

Syntax:
SELECT *
from Employee As e
where e.FirstName like "A*"
Wildcards
 SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE City LIKE 'ber%';

 SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE City LIKE '_ondon';

 The following SQL statement selects all customers with a City starting with "b", "s", or "p":
 SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE City LIKE '[bsp]%';

 The following SQL statement selects all customers with a City starting with "a", "b", or "c":
 SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE City LIKE '[a-c]%';
In
Syntax:
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IN (value1, value2, ...);

Example:
SELECT FirstName, LastName, City 
FROM Customer
WHERE State in (‘NY’,’TX’);
Between
Syntax:
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1 AND value2;

Example:
SELECT * 
FROM Customer
WHERE CreditLimit BETWEEN 1000 AND 1500;

SELECT *
FROM Customer As c
where c.customersince BETWEEN #01-Jan-2010# and #01-Jan-2015#;
Aliases
Syntax:
SELECT column_name AS alias_name
FROM table_name;

Example:
SELECT FirstName As n, LastName As l, City As c
FROM Customer;
Union, Union all
UNION: (Doesn’t allow duplicate)

Syntax:
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1
UNION
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table2;

UNION All: (Allows duplicates)

Syntax:
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1
UNION ALL
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table2;
Groupby
Syntax:
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition
GRUP BY column_name(s)

Example:

SELECT state, count(customerID) As Counts

Example:

SELECT COUNT(CustomerID), Country
FROM Customers
GROUP BY Country
HAVING COUNT(CustomerID) > 5;
Exists
Syntax:
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE EXISTS
(SELECT column_name FROM table_name WHERE condition);

Example:

SELECT SupplierName
FROM Suppliers
WHERE EXISTS (SELECT ProductName FROM Products WHERE Products.SupplierID =
Suppliers.supplierID AND Price < 20);
Sample Table
Questions
 Select all the customers who are not from united states?
 Select all the customers who’s country are not given?
 Select all the customers who’s don’t have any discount?
 Provide name, address, city and country who’s are American but don’t have county
mentioned?
 Provide Name, City, State, Phone Number of those customers who’s credit limit is above
$1000?
 Provide Name, Phone Number of those customers who’s credit limit is null?