Sister Callista Roy

Objectives

• Introduction
• Assumption
• Concept
• Major concept
• Model
• Process
• Strength and weakness
• Example
• Summary
• Reference
Course : M.Sc. Nursing
Subject Name : Advance Nursing Practice
Unit with Title :VI-Philosophy with Nursing theories

Topic : Nursing theories -part 2

Roy Adaptation Model
Prepared by : Prof. Mrs. R.Radha
 Introduction

• In 1976, sister Callista Roy devloped the Adaptation

Model of Hursing, a prominent nursing theroy.
• Nursing theroies frame, explain or define the practice
of nursing. Roy s model sees the individual a a set of
intertrlated sysetms like Biological, psychological,and

social.
 Introduction

• Roy focuses on the concept of adaptation of

man. Her concepts of Nursing, the Person,
Health and the Environment are all interrelated
to this central concept.
• Helson's view that adaptation is a process of
responding positively to environmental changes
was used by Roy as the foundation for the
model
 Conti…

• . This view, combined with Rapoport's definition

of a "system" lead to Roy's theory of the person
as an adaptive system. The model has been
further refined using concepts from other
theorists including Hans Selye and Abraham
Maslow.
 Assumptions

• The person is a bio-psycho-social being. The

person is in constant interaction with a changing
environment.
• To cope with a changing world, person uses both
innate and acquired mechanisms which are
biological, psychological and social in origin.
• To respond positively to environmental changes,
the person must adapt. 
• The person has 4 modes of adaptation:
physiologic needs, self- concept, role function and
inter-dependence.
 Major Concepts

• Adaptation -- goal of nursing

• Person -- adaptive system

• Environment -- stimuli

• Health -- outcome of adaptation

• Nursing- promoting adaptation and health

 Adaptation

• Responding positively to environmental

changes.

• The process and outcome of individuals and

groups who use conscious awareness, self
reflection and choice to create human and
environmental integration
 Person

• Bio-psycho-social being in constant interaction

with a changing environment

• Uses innate and acquired mechanisms to adapt

• Includes people as individuals or in groups-

families, organizations, communities, and
society as a whole.
 Environment

•Focal - internal or external and immediately

confronting the person

•Contextual- all stimuli present in the situation that

contribute to effect of focal stimulus

•Residual-a factor whose effects in the current situation

are unclear
 
 Conti…

• All conditions, circumstances, and influences

surrounding and affecting the development and
behavior of persons and groups with particular
consideration of mutuality of person and earth
resources, including focal, contextual and
residual stimuli
 Health
 
• Represented by a health-illness continuum

• A state and a process of being and becoming

integrated and whole
 Nursing

• To promote adaptation for individuals and groups

in the four adaptive modes, thus contributing to
health, quality of life, and dying with dignity by
assessing behaviors and factors that influence
adaptive abilities and by intervening to enhance
environmental interactions

 
 Adaptive Model

• Four Adaptive Model

• Physiological,

• Self-Concept,
• Role Function,

• Interdependence
 Physiological mode

Behavior in this mode is a manifestation of the

physiological activity of all the cells, tissues, organs,
• systems of the body.

– 5 needs serve to promote physiological integrity,

(oxygenation, nutrition, elimination, activity and rest,
and protection).

– 4 processes which help maintain physiological integrity

(senses, fluid and electrolytes, neuro, and endocrine
function )
 Self-concept model

• Deals with the person’s beliefs & feelings about

himself/herself. Basic underlying need: psychic
integrity (physical perceptions, ideals, goals,
moral/ethical beliefs)
• Physical self: how one sees his own physical
being
 Conti…

• body sensation: ability to express

sensations/feel symptoms
• body image: how one sees himself as a physical
being Personal self: how one views his qualities,
values, worth
 Conti…

• self-consistency: one’s self-description of

qualities; also includes self-organization
behavior
• self-ideal/self-expectancy: what one would like
to do or be
• moral-ethical-spiritual self: values, beliefs,
religion self-esteem: the value one places on
himself/herself
 Role function model

• involves the position one occupies in society;

behaviors associated with one’s position (role) in
society.
• Basic underlying need: social integrity
• Primary role: role based on age, sex,
developmental state
• Secondary role: role(s) a person assumes to
complete tasks associated with a primary role or
developmental stage
• Tertiary role: a role freely chosen; temporary;
associated with accomplishments of tasks or goals
 Interdependence mode:

• associated with one’s relationships and interactions

with others and the giving and receiving of
• love, respect, and value. Basic underlying need:
nurturance and affection
• Significant others: intimate relationships (spouse,
parent, God)
• Support systems: less intimate relationships
(coworkers, friends)
• Giving behaviors: giving love, nurturance, affection
• Receiving behaviors: receiving/taking in love,
nurturance, affection
 Roy Model and the Nursing Process

• Utilizes a bi-level assessment to problem solve 

• Assessment of behaviors:

• Behavior is an action or reaction under specified

circumstances; behavior may be observable, or

not.
 Conti …

• Normally, a person adapts to stimuli positively,

maintaining a “steady state” but in times of stress
when coping mechanisms are overwhelmed (i.e.,
illness), the person’s ability to adapt to a new
situation is impaired.
• The nurse observes behaviors (signs/symptoms) or
responses of the patient and makes a judgment as
to whether the behavior is adaptive or ineffective.

• How does the nurse do this? Assessment phase of

nursing process
 Assessment of stimuli:

• Stimuli are the underlying causes or factors

contributing to the behaviors observed in first level
assessment; those things which provoke a
response. 
• Nurse identifies stimuli in all 4 adaptive modes;
stimuli are manipulated via interventions to
achieve patient goals
 Strengths of the Roy’s Adaptation Model

• The Adaptation Model of Callista Roy suggests the

influence of multiple causes in a situation, which is
a strength when dealing with multi-faceted human
beings.
• Roy’s model follows logically. In the presentation of
each of the key concepts, there is the recurring idea
of adaptation to maintain integrity. Every concept

was operationally defined.

 Conti…

• The concepts of Roy’s model are stated in relatively

simple terms.
• A major strength of the model is that it guides
nurses to use observation and interviewing skills in
doing an individualized assessment of each
person. The concepts of Roy’s model are
applicable within many practice settings of nursing.
 Weaknesses

• Painstaking application of the model requires

significant input of time and effort.
• Roy’s model has many elements, systems,
structures and multiple concepts.
 Summary

• 5 elements - person, goal of nursing, nursing

activities, health and environment

• Persons are viewed as living adaptive systems

whose behaviors may be classified as adaptive or
ineffective. 
• These mechanisms work within 4 adaptive modes. 
 Example

• Activity Read the profile of Andrew Smith over the

page and examine the   assessment
documentation and care plan
• Profile of Mr Andrew Smith
• Mr Andrew Smith is a 42 year-old man with
severe learning disabilities. He lives in an eight-
bedded unit in the grounds of an old institution
which is currently being developed as a housing
estate. The unit has a sister eight-bedded unit
next door . These units are primarily for
residential care, but the unit that Andrew lives on
also has 3 short-stay beds within the units.
 conti…

• The goal of nursing is to promote adaptive

responses in relation to 4 adaptive modes, using
information about person’s adaptation level, and
various stimuli. 
• Nursing activities involve manipulation of these
stimuli to promote adaptive responses.
 
 Reference

- George B julia , nursing theories – the base for

professoional nursing practice, 3rd ed .
Norwalk,Appleton& lange
- - Potter A Patricia, perry G Anne (1992) FON –
Concepts process & practice, london Mosby
year book
Thank you