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chapter2ECEg-3131 Transformers

The document provides an overview of transformers, including: - Their principle of operation is based on electromagnetic induction and they change AC electrical energy to different voltage levels. - Transformers have a core made of stacked silicon steel laminations to reduce eddy currents and hysteresis losses. Windings are wound on the core. - An ideal transformer assumes negligible winding resistance and losses and infinite core permeability. A practical model includes resistance and leakage reactance. - Equivalent circuit parameters are determined through open and short circuit tests, allowing performance evaluation and voltage regulation calculation. - Three-phase transformers are used for power transmission and distribution, with windings arranged in a wye or delta configuration.

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Magarsaa Qana'ii
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49 views24 pages

chapter2ECEg-3131 Transformers

The document provides an overview of transformers, including: - Their principle of operation is based on electromagnetic induction and they change AC electrical energy to different voltage levels. - Transformers have a core made of stacked silicon steel laminations to reduce eddy currents and hysteresis losses. Windings are wound on the core. - An ideal transformer assumes negligible winding resistance and losses and infinite core permeability. A practical model includes resistance and leakage reactance. - Equivalent circuit parameters are determined through open and short circuit tests, allowing performance evaluation and voltage regulation calculation. - Three-phase transformers are used for power transmission and distribution, with windings arranged in a wye or delta configuration.

Uploaded by

Magarsaa Qana'ii
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Transformers

ECEg-3131
Outline
• Introduction
• Principle of operation
• Construction
• Ideal & practical models
• Equivalent ckt. parameter determination
• Performance evaluation
• 3-phase transformer connections
Introduction
 Static electromagnetic device
TASK:
 Changes ac electrical energy at diff. voltage level
 Matching source & load impedance
 Electrical isolation

Power transmission using transformers.


Types and construction of transformers
Transformer core construction Interleaved/sandwiched
 How to reduce hysteresis loss
Less iron but more conductor  How to minimize eddy current
concentric HV  How to reduce leakage flux
LV  How to minimize insulation required
 How to avoid a continuous air gap

Core-type Shell-type
Butt joints
yoke Leg(limb) E-shaped lamination
L-shaped lamination

Qualities of ferromagnetic materials


High grade material/cold-rolled-grain-oriented(CRGO)

Laminated & insulated piece of steel core


(stack of thin silicon-steel(4%Si) laminations)
Laminations are stack alternatively About 0.35mm thick for 50hz
Principles of Transformer Action
 Faraday’s Law of electromagnetic induction

Schematic representation of two-winding transformer


Ideals and practical models Induced voltage
EMF equation of transformer
Ideal Transformer(not valid in practical transformer)
Assumptions
 Winding resistances are negligible
 All of the flux is confined to the magnetic core Voltage transformation ratio
 The core losses are negligible
 The core has constant permeability
 Permeability of the core is infinite Current transformation ratio
Ideals and practical models
Impedance transfer
Secondary impedance Input impedance

An impedance Z2 connected in the secondary will appear as


An impedance Z2’ looking from the primary.

Equivalent

An impedance from the primary side can also be transferred to the secondary side
Ideals and practical models
practical Transformer

Equivalent circuit model


Ideals and practical models
Referred Equivalent circuit
Ideals and practical models
Approximate equivalent circuit

Referred to HV side

Referred to LV side
Determination of equivalent circuit parameters
Open circuit test

Short circuit test

Wiring diagram for short-circuit test Equivalent circuit at short-circuit condition


Example#1
Solution From open circuit test
Solution
From short circuit test
Solution
Voltage regulation
Voltage regulation
Example#2

Solution
Solution
Efficiency
Example#3

Solution
3-phase transformers Beginning of hv T/line
Used for stepping down Distribution transformer

LV transformer
HV transformer

Three phase transformer bank


3-phase transformers

Three phase unit core type transformer


Thank You

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