TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

CHAPTER 2

FOURIER SERIES

Ths.Nguyễn Thị Phương Thảo

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 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
 Remember the particular properties for analyzing the circuit
with excitation of the periodic function.

 Understand the methods to analyze the circuits with excitation

of the periodic functions..

 Apply analysis techniques to calculate the coefficient of the

Fourier series.

 Apply knowledge to analyze and design transfer functions and

their Bode diagrams with some specific requirements

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 CHAPTER CONTENTS

2.1 Periodic Functions - Fourier Series

2.2 Circuits and Fourier series
2.3 Transfer function

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 2.1 PERIODIC FUNCTIONS &
FOURIER SERIES

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 2.1.1 PERIODIC FUNCTIONS

 In the circuit analysis subject, we devoted a considerable

amount of discussion to steady-state sinusoidal analysis.
Many electrical sources of practical value generate periodic
waveforms and excited to the circuit. We need to analyze the
circuit with the nonsinusoidal sources.

 Function generator are designed to produce nonsinusoidal

periodic waveforms which are capable of producing square-
wave, triangular-wave, and rectangular-pulse waveforms.

 Figure below illustrates typical waveforms.

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 2.1.1 PERIODIC FUNCTIONS

f  

0


f  

0


T
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 2.1.1 PERIODIC FUNCTIONS

f  

0


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 2.1.1 PERIODIC FUNCTIONS

A periodic function is a function that repeats itself every T

seconds. A periodic function is one that satisfies the relationship

f n  T  f n 
In this chapter, we learn that any periodic signal can be
represented as a sum of sinusoids, where the frequencies of
the sinusoids in the sum are comprised of the frequency of the
periodic signal and integer multiples of that frequency

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 2.1.2 THE FOURIER SERIES

 A periodic waveform f(t) could be broken down into an infinite

series of simple sinusoids which, when added together,
would construct the exact form of the original waveform.

f (t )  f (t  nT ) ; n  1, 2,  3,

T = Period, the smallest value of T that satisfies the above

Equation.

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 2.1.2 THE FOURIER SERIES

The function f(t) can be represented by a trigonometric series

as:

f (t )  a0   an cos n0t  bn sin n0t  (1)
n 1

a0 , an , and bn are real and are called

Fourier Trigonometric Coefficients
2
0 
T
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 2.1.2 FOURIER SERIES

What kind of trigonometric (series) functions are we talking

about?

0  2

cos q cos 2q cos 3q

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 2.1.2 FOURIER SERIES

0  2

sin q sin 2q sin 3q

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 2.1.2 FOURIER SERIES

The coefficients are:

T t 0
1
a0 
T 
t0
f (t )dt
T t 0
2
an 
T 
t0
f (t ) cos n 0 tdt

T t 0
2
bn 
T 
t0
f (t )sin n 0 tdt

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 2.1.2 FOURIER SERIES

Or, alternative form

N
f (t )  C0   Cn cos( n0t  n )
n 1

C0  a0 and Cn are the Complex Coefficients

Fourier Series = a infinite sum of harmonically related sinusoids

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 2.1.2 FOURIER SERIES

Example 1. Find the Fourier series of the following periodic

function.
f  
A

0


-A
p 2p 3p 4p 5p

f t   A when 0  t  
  A when   t  2
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 2.1.2 FOURIER SERIES
First term,

2
1
a0 
2 0
f (t )dt

1  2

   f (t )dt   f (t )dt 
2 0  
1  2

   ( A) dt   (  A) dt 
2 0  
0

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 2.1.2 FOURIER SERIES

Second term,

2
1
an   f (t ) cos nt dt
 0
1  2

   A cos nt dt   (  A) cos nt dt 
 0  
1  sin nt   1  sin nt  2

 A   A  0
 n  0   n  

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 2.1.2 FOURIER SERIES

Third term,
2
1
bn 
 
0
f (t ) sin nt dt

 2
1 
   A sin nt dt   ( A) sin nt dt 
 0  
 2
1  cos nt  1  cos nt 
  A  A
 n  0   n  
A
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 2.1.2 FOURIER SERIES

4A
bn  when n is odd;
n
bn  0 when n is even
Therefore, the corresponding Fourier series is

4A  1 1 
f (t )   sin   sin3  sin5  
  3 5 

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 2.1.3 EVEN AND ODD FUNCTIONS

Even functions
The value of the
f(q)
function would be
the same when we
walk equal distances
along the X-axis in
q
opposite directions.

Mathematically speaking

f  t   f ( t )
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 2.1.3 EVEN AND ODD
FUNCTIONS
Even functions
Even functions can solely be represented by cosine waves
because, cosine waves are even functions. A sum of even
functions is another even function.

5
10 0 10
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
 2.1.3 EVEN AND ODD FUNCTIONS

Odd functions
f(q) The value of the
function would
change its sign but
with the same
q
magnitude when we
walk equal distances
along the X-axis in
opposite directions.
Mathematically speaking
f   t    f t 
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 2.1.3 EVEN AND ODD FUNCTIONS
Odd functions
Odd functions can solely be represented by sine waves
because, sine waves are odd functions. A sum of odd
functions is another odd function.

10 0 10
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 2.1.3 EVEN AND ODD FUNCTIONS

Example 2. Find the Fourier series of the following periodic

function.

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 2.1.3 EVEN AND ODD FUNCTIONS

a0  0.5
an  0

4 1 1
bn   .sin n tdt  ( cos n  1)
2 0 2 0 n
 2
 : n , le 
2
  n
0 : n, chan
 e(t )  0.5 
n 1,le n

sin nt


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 2.1.3 EVEN AND ODD FUNCTIONS

Example 3. Find the Fourier series of the following periodic

function.

f(t)

3T/4

0 t
T/4

-T/2 T/2 T 2T

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 EXERCISES

Do examples 16.1- 16.3

Assess your understanding of this material by doing
homework the assessment problems 16.1 – 16.3

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 2.2 CIRCUITS AND FOURIER SERIES

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 2.2.1 CIRCUITS AND FOURIER SERIES

It is often desired to determine the response of a circuit

excited by a periodic signal vS(t).

Example 1: An RC Circuit vO(t) = ? R  1 , C  2 F

An RC circuit excited by a periodic voltage vS(t).

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 2.2.1 CIRCUITS AND FOURIER SERIES

q
1 N
2( 1)
v s (t ) 
2
 
n 1, odd n
cos n0t

The first 4 terms of vS(t) is

1 2 2 2
vs (t )   cos 2t  cos 6t  cos10t
2 
   3  
 5  
v (t ) v (t ) v (t ) v (t )
s0 s1 s3 s5

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 2.2.1 CIRCUITS AND FOURIER SERIES

Each voltage source

is a term of the
Fourier series of vs(f)

An equivalent circuit.
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 2.2.1 CIRCUITS AND FOURIER SERIES

Example 2
Each
input
is a
Sinusoid.

Using
phasors
to find
steady-state
responses
to the
sinusoids.
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 2.2.1 CIRCUITS AND FOURIER SERIES

1 2 2 2
vs (t )   cos 2t  cos 6t  cos10t
2 
   3
   5   
v (t ) v (t ) v (t ) v (t )
s0 s1 s3 s5
The steady state response vO(t) can then be found using
superposition.

vo (t )  vo 0 (t )  vo1 (t )  vo3 (t )  vo5 (t )

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 2.2.1 CIRCUITS AND FOURIER SERIES

The impedance of the capacitor is

1
ZC  ; for n  0,1, 3, 5,
jn0C
We can find
1
jn0C
Von  Vsn ; for n  0,1, 3...
1
R
jn0C
Vsn

1  jn 0CR
 
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 2.2.1 CIRCUITS AND FOURIER SERIES

The steady-state response can be written as

von (t )  Von cos( n0t  Von

Vsn
 cos(n0t  Vsn  tan 1 4n)
1  16n 2
In this example we have
1
Vs 0 
2
2
Vsn  for n  1, 3, 5
n
Vsn  0 for n  0,1, 3, 5
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 2.2.1 CIRCUITS AND FOURIER SERIES

1
vo 0 (t ) 
2
2
von (t )  cos(n 2t  tan 1 4n) ; for n  1,3,5
2
n 1  16 n
               
vo1 (t )  0.154cos(2t  76)
vo 3 (t )  0.018cos(6t  85)
vo 5 (t )  0.006 cos(10t  87)

1
vo (t )   0.154 cos(2t  76)  0.018cos(6t  85)
2
 0.006 cos(10t  87)
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 2.2.1 CIRCUITS AND FOURIER SERIES

Steps to solve the circuit with the periodic function

sources

Find the fourier series of the periodic function source

 
f    a 0  a
n 1
n c o s n  b
n 1
n sin n 
Apply the superposition method to analyze the circuit to find
the steady-state response

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 2.2.2 Power– RMS value

 RMS value
RMS value of a periodic function f(t) is defined asthe
formula as below:

T
1
F
T0 f (t ) dt

   2
1 2  Fn 
F Fo2   Fn  Fo      Fo   Fhdn
2 2
n1 2 n1  2  n1

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 2.2.2 Power– RMS value

 Average Power


u (t )  U 0  U n cos(n0t  un )
n 1

i(t )  I 0   I n cos(n0t  un )
n1

P  U 0 I 0  U n I n cos(n0t  un )
n1

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 2.2.2 Power– RMS value

 Reactive Power

1

Q   U n I n sin un  in 
n 1 2

 Apparent Power

S = UI (VA)
U : Root mean square value of u(t)
I : Root mean square of i(t)
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 EXERCISES

Do examples 16.4- 16.6

Assess your understanding of this material by doing
homework the assessment problems 16.5 – 16.10

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 2.3 TRANSFER FUNCTION

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 2.3.1 TRANSFER FUNCTION

 One useful way to analyze the frequency response of a

circuit is the concept of the transfer function H(ω).

 It is the frequency dependent ratio of a forced function

Y(ω) to the forcing function X(ω).

Y  
H   
X  

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 2.3.1 TRANSFER FUNCTION

 The transfer function is defined as the s-domain ratio of the

Laplace trans- form of the output (response) to the Laplace
transform of the input

 In computing the transfer function, we restrict our attention to

circuits where all initial conditions are zero. If a circuit has
multiple independent sources, we can find the transfer
function for each source and use superposition to find the
response to all sources.

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 2.3.1 TRANSFER FUNCTION

 Four possible transfer functions:

Vo (s)
H(s)  Voltage gain 
Vi (s)

Vo (s)
 H(s)  Transfer Impedance 
Ii (s)

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 2.3.1 TRANSFER FUNCTION

To compute the transfer function, we construct the s-domain equivalent of the circuit.
Applying s-domain voltage division to the circuit, we compute the ratio between the output
variable and the input variable. It is called the transfer function:

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 2.3.1 TRANSFER FUNCTION

i(t) + v(t)-
In the time domain:
R
v(t)= i(t)R

I (s) + V (s)-
In the s-domain:
R
V (s)= I (s)R

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 2.3.1 TRANSFER FUNCTION

In the time domain: In the s-domain:

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 2.3.1 TRANSFER FUNCTION

In the time domain: In the s-domain:

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 2.3.1 TRANSFER FUNCTION
Example 1

For the RC circuit shown below, obtain the transfer function

Vo/Vs and its frequency response.
Let vs = Vmcosωt.

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 2.3.1 TRANSFER FUNCTION
Solution:

The transfer function is

1
V j C 1
H( )  o  
Vs R  1/ j C 1  j RC

, 1
The magnitude is H( ) 
1  ( / o ) 2


The phase is    tan 1

o

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 2.3.1 TRANSFER FUNCTION

Example 2

Obtain the transfer function Vo/Vs of the RL circuit shown

below, assuming vs = Vmcosωt. Sketch its frequency
response.

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 2.3.1 TRANSFER FUNCTION
Solution:

The transfer function is Vo j L 1

H( )   
Vs R  j L 1  R
j L

1
The magnitude is H ( ) 

1  ( o )2
, 

The phase is   90  tan 1
o

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2.3.2 Amplitude – phase angle diagrams

2.3.3 Log scale

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 2.3.4 BODE PLOTS

 One problem with the transfer function is that it needs to

cover a large range in frequency.
 Plotting the frequency response on a semilog plot (where
the x axis is plotted in log form) makes the task easier.
 These plots are referred to as Bode plots.

 Bode plots either show magnitude (in decibels) or phase

(in degrees) as a function of frequency.

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 EXERCISES

 Do examples 13.1- 13.2

 Assess your understanding of this material by doing
homework the assessment problems 13.9 – 13.11

Lect12
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 SUMMARY

 A periodic function is a function that repeats itself every T

seconds.

 A period is the smallest time interval (T ) that a periodic

function can be shifted to produce a function identical to
itself.
 The Fourier series is an infinite series used to represent a
periodic function. The series consists of a constantterm
and infinitely many harmonically related cosine and sine
terms.

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 SUMMARY

 For steady-state response, the Fourier series of the

response signal is determined by first finding the response
to each component of the input signal.

 The individual responses are added (super-imposed) to

form the Fourier series of the response signal.

 Only harmonics of the same frequency interact to produce

average power. The total average power is the sum of the
average powers associated with each frequency.

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 SUMMARY
 The transfer function is the s-domain ratio of a circuit’s
output to its input. It is represented as
where is the Laplace transform of the output signal, and is the
Laplace transform of the input signal.
 The partial fraction expansion of the product yields a term for
each pole of and The terms correspond to the transient
component of the total response; the terms correspond to the
steady-state component.

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 ASSIGNMENT

To assess your understanding of this material, student should

drill homework 13.50 – 13.52
To make sure more understand the next lesson, students need
to read the content of next lesson in the text book in advance
Read the slide chapter 3 of this material.

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