Communication Systems - II

Spring 2017

Lecture – 03

Instructor: Engr. Furqan Haider

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems II

 Chapter 2: Formatting & Baseband
Modulation

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems II

 Formatting & BaseBand Modulation

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems II

 Formatting and Transmission of
Baseband Signals

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems II

 Formatting
• Character Coding (Textual Information)
– A textual information is a sequence of alphanumeric characters
– Alphanumeric and symbolic information are encoded into digital bits using one
of several standard formats, e.g, ASCII, EBCDIC

k is the number of bits

ASCII, EBCDIC,
in one symbol and M is
Baudot, Hollerith the number of levels.

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems II

 ASCII Code

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems II

 EDBCDIC

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems II

 ASCII Code [F-U-R-Q-A-N]

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems II

 Messages, Characters & Symbols

Total Waveforms available: {S0(t), S1(t), S2(t), S3(t), S4(t), S5(t), S6(t), S7(t), S8(t), S9(t),
S10(t), S11(t), S12(t), S13(t), S14(t), S15(t)}

Required: {S6(t), S2(t), S10(t), S4(t), S10(t), S2(t), S8(t), S1(t), S12(t)}

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems II

 Formatting and Transmission of
Baseband Signals

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems II

 Transmission of Analog Signals

• Structure of Digital Communication Transmitter

Speech, Audio, Video, Biological

Signals (ECG, EEG), Seismic Signals,
Radar Signals, etc.

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems II

 A/D Conversion
• Analog-to-digital conversion is (basically) a 2 step process:
– Sampling
• Convert from continuous-time analog signal xa(t) to discrete-time
continuous value signal x(n)
– Is obtained by taking the “samples” of xa(t) at discrete-time intervals,
Ts
• Quantization
– Convert from discrete-time continuous valued signal to discrete time
discrete valued signal

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems II

 Sampling

• How closely PAM signal approximates

original analog signal?
• For this we see Sampling Theorem, which states
that:
• “If a bandlimited signal has no spectral components
above ‘fm’ Hz, it can be determined uniquely if
sampled at ‘fs’, where:

fs  2 fm
DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems II
 Sampling
• Sampling is the processes of converting continuous-time analog signal, xa(t),
into a discrete-time signal by taking the “samples” at discrete-time intervals
– Sampling analog signals makes them discrete in time but still continuous
valued
– If done properly (Nyquist theorem is satisfied), sampling does not
introduce distortion
• Sampled values:
– The value of the function at the sampling points
• Sampling interval:
– The time that separates sampling points (interval b/w samples), Ts
– If the signal is slowly varying, then fewer samples per second will be
required than if the waveform is rapidly varying
– So, the optimum sampling rate depends on the maximum frequency fm
component present in the signal

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems II

 Sampling
• Sampling Rate (or sampling frequency fs):
– The rate at which the signal is sampled, expressed as the number of
samples per second (reciprocal of the sampling interval), 1/Ts = fs

Types of sampling
– Impulse Sampling
– Natural Sampling
– Sample & Hold

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems II

 Ideal Sampling (Impulse Sampling)
• Is accomplished by the multiplication of the signal x(t) by the uniform train
of impulses (comb function)
• Consider the instantaneous sampling of the analog signal x(t)

 Train of impulse functions select sample values at regular intervals


x (t )    (t  nT )
n 
s


xs (t)   x(nT ) (t  nT )
n
s s

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems II

 Ideal Sampling (Impulse Sampling)

 Frequency domain representation of Ideal Sampling

1 
X ( f ) 
Ts
  ( f  nf )
n 
s

1 
X s( f )  X ( f )*
Ts

n  
 ( f  nfs )

1 
Xs( f ) 
Ts
 X ( f  nf )
n 
s

fs  2 fm
DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems II
 Impulse Sampling
fs  2 fm

fs  2 fm

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems II

 Natural Sampling
• In practice we cannot perform ideal sampling
– It is practically difficult to create a train of impulses
• So instead of Impulse train, we go for Pulse Train.


x p (t )  
n  
cne j 2 nfst

xs (t )  x(t ) x p (t )

xs (t )  x(t )  n
c e
n 
j 2 nf s t

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems II

 Natural Sampling
• In Frequency Domain
1  nT 
cn  sin c  
Ts  Ts 

X s ( f )  [ x ( t ) x p ( t )]

Xs( f )  
n 
cn [ x (t )e j 2 nf s t ]

X s( f )  
n  
cn X [ f  nf s ]

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems II

 Natural Sampling

• Each pulse in xp(t) has width T and amplitude 1/T.

• The top of each pulse follows the variation of the signal being
sampled
• Similar to Ideal Sampling, Xs (f) is the replication of X(f)
periodically every fs Hz.
• The problem with a natural sampled waveform is that the tops of
the sample pulses are not flat
• It is not compatible with a digital system since the amplitude of
each sample has infinite number of possible values
• Another technique known as Sample and Hold Operation is used
to alleviate this problem

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems II

 Sample and Hold Operation
(Flat – top Sampling)
• Here, the pulse is held to a constant height for the whole sample
period
• Flat top sampling is obtained by the convolution of the signal
obtained after ideal sampling with a unity amplitude rectangular
pulse, p(t), of width Ts.
• This technique is used to realize Sample-and-Hold (S/H)
operation.
• In S/H, value of the input signal is held for as long as it takes the
A/D to acquire its value.

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems II

 x '(t )  x(t ) (t )

xs (t )  x '(t )* p(t )


 
 p ( t ) * x ( t ) ( t )  p ( t ) *  x ( t )   ( t  nT s ) 
DEE, NUST College of E & ME  n   
Communication Systems II
 Sample and Hold Operation

• Taking the Fourier Transform will result to

X s ( f )  [ x s ( t )]
 

 P ( f )   x (t )   ( t  nTs ) 
 n   
 1 

 P( f )  X ( f ) *
Ts
  ( f  nf s ) 
 n   
1 
 P( f )
Ts

n  
X ( f  nf s )

where P(f) is a sinc function

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems II