CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Presented by:
Engr. Romano A. Gabrillo

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What is theoretical framework?
In research paper, the theoretical
framework is where the
researchers define, discuss and
evaluate theories relevant to the
research problem.

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THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
It presents the theory or theories explaining why the
problem under study exists. It is necessary in preparing
thesis proposals using the survey or experimental
methods, particularly relational and causal studies where
variables need to be classified into. independent,
intervening, and dependent variables.

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Relevant Theories
A theory is a statement of logical relationships
between facts. It is a set of interconnected concepts
and propositions presenting a systematic view of
phenomena.

guides research and organizes its ideas

explains phenomenon
gives meaning to what we see

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Relevant Theories
Theory can be the aim of your research. Your research is
then mainly about developing theory. Research here
follows an inductive process which starts with data
collection, to develop broad themes and then a generalized
model or theory (Creswell, 2009, p 63)

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How to present the Relevant Theories?
the theories should be based on the
variables presented in the problem
after the discussion of every theory,
state the relevance of the theory to the
present study
use the primary source

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Theories in Computer
Engineering
Game Theory - Game theory is a theoretical framework
for conceiving social situations among competing players.
In some respects, game theory is the science of strategy, or
at least the optimal decision-making of independent and
competing actors in a strategic setting.
The key pioneers of game theory were mathematician
John von Neumann and economist Oskar Morgenstern in
the 1940s

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Theory of Computation
In theoretical computer science and mathematics, the
theory of computation is the branch that deals with what
problems can be solved on a model of computation, using
an algorithm, how efficiently they can be solved or to
what degree (e.g., approximate solutions versus precise
ones).

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Algorithm Theories
Algorithm theories represent the structure common to a
class of algorithms, such as divide-and-conquer or
backtrack. An algorithm theory for a class provides the
basis for design tactics—specialized methods for
designing -algorithms from formal problem specifications.

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Related Literature
Literature review is an integral component of the
scientific process. It composed of discussions of facts and
principles to which the present study is related.

delimiting the research problem

distinguishing what has been done from what needs
to be done
discovering important variables relevant to the topic
establishing the context of the problem

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Related Literature
provide an introductory paragraph
present first the dependent variables
all variables should be provided with literature
organize the literature on the basis of the
variables
use recent materials (local and foreign)
provide transitory paragraph

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Approaches in Organizing
Literature Review
1. Chronological
The simplest approach is to trace the development of
the topic over time. However, if you choose this
strategy, be careful to avoid simply listing and
summarizing sources in order.
Try to analyze patterns, turning points and key
debates that have shaped the direction of the field.
Give your interpretation of how and why certain
developments occurred.

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Approaches in Organizing
Literature Review
2. Thematic
If you have found some recurring central themes, you
can organize your literature review into subsections
that address different aspects of the topic.
For example, if you are reviewing literature about
inequalities in health and socio-economic status of
migrant workers, key themes might include healthcare
policy, language barriers, cultural attitudes, legal
status, and economic access.

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Approaches in Organizing
Literature Review
3. Methodological
If the researcher draw his sources from different
disciplines or fields that use a variety of research
methods, he might want to compare the results and
conclusions that emerge from different approaches.

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Outlining Literature Review
• To group authors who draw similar conclusions, you can
use linking words such as: also, additionally, again,
similarly.
When authors disagree, linking words that indicate
contrast will show how you have analyzed their work.
Words such as: however, conversely, on the other hand,
nonetheless.
At other times, you may want to qualify an author's work
by using such words as specifically, usually, or generally
or use an example by using words like thus, namely, to
illustrate.

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Related Studies
These are studies, inquiries or investigations already
conducted to which the present study is related or has some
bearing or similarity.

provide an introductory paragraph

the studies should focus on the IV and DV
state the similarities and differences of the reviewed
studies to the present study
organize the presentation based on the variables

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Importance of Related Studies
1. Guide the researcher in searching for or selecting a
better research problem or topic.

2. Help the researcher understand the topic.

3. Ensure that there will be no duplication of other

studies .

4. Help and guide the researcher in locating more

sources of related information.
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Conceptual Framework

It is a complete presentation of the variables to be

observed in the current study.
It is the ideas defined in a way the researcher wants.
It is understood in the current research, the visible
indicators or the variables and the scheme of measuring
the variables.
It focuses on the specific variables with respect to the
particular research problem.

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Examples of Conceptual Model
Independent Variables Dependent Variable

Time to dispense in terms of:

1.1 Flow rate of medicine
1.2 Change over time when
the medicine runs out Speed and Accuracy of
Attending Patient’s Needs

3.1 Time it takes to dispense

medicine
3.2 Amount of dosage to
Dosage based on:
dispense
2.1 Patient’s medical
diagnosis
2.2 Frequency of taking up
the medicine

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Examples of Conceptual Model
Input Process Output

Fabrication of the
device to:
• Medical • Automatically
Diagnosis of dispense medicine
Patient on time • IoT-based Smart
• Schedule of • Dispense the right Pill Dispenser
Medicine in-take amount of medicine
• Dosage of per patient
Medicine • Inform the
doctor/nurse when
the schedule is up

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Hypothesis
A hypothesis is a proposition or an assumption stating
what is to be resolved.

Types of Hypotheses:

1. Null – stated in the negative form

2. Operational – stated in the affirmative form

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Sample Hypotheses
Research Problem:
Does the speed and accuracy of Smart Pill dispenser
significantly hasten the response of patient’s needing attention.

Null Hypothesis:
The speed and accuracy of Smart Pill dispenser does not
significantly hasten the response of patient’s needing
attention.

Affirmative Hypothesis:
The speed and accuracy of Smart Pill dispenser significantly
hasten the response of patient’s needing attention.
Definition of Variables

all the variables should be defined

the variables should be arranged
alphabetically
definitions could be conceptual and/or
operational
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