Power Electronics

Advanced
Application of Power Electronics
Application of Power Electronics
10.1 DC motor drivers ( thyristor-DC motor
system )
10.2 Frequency converters and AC drivers
10.3 Uninterruptible Power Supply ( UPS )
10.4 Switching Power Supply
10.5 Power factor correction (PFC)
10.6 Application in utility power system
10.7 Other applications

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10.1 DC motor drivers
( Thyristor-DC motor system )
10.1.1 Rectifier mode of operation
10.1.2 Inverter mode of operation
10.1.3 Reversible DC motor drive system
(four-quadrant operation)
LB VT
a 1
i Tv1 LB VT2 L
b
i Tv2 LB VT id
c 3 -
iTv3 ud M EM
+
o
3
10.1.1 Rectifier mode of operation

Waveforms and equations

Ud  EM  R  Id  U
(10-1)

where
3 XB
R   RB  RM 
2
(for 3-phase half-
wave) Waveforms of 3-phase half-wave
rectifier with DC motor load

4
Speed-torque (mechanic) characteristic
when load current is continuous
EM  Cen (10-2)

For 3-phase half-wave 3X I

n (R B + R M + 2 B ) Cd
Ud  1.17U 2 cos  e

EM  1.17U 2 cos   R  Id  U a1
(10-3) a2
1.17U 2 cos  R  Id  U a3
n  a 1< a 2< a 3
Ce Ce
(10-4)
O Id
For 3-phase bridge
For 3-phase half-wave
2.34U 2 cos  R 
n  Id (10-5)
Ce Ce

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Speed-torque (mechanic) characteristic
when load current is discontinuous
EMF at no load (taking 3-phase
half-wave as example)
E
For 60º E0
( 2U 2)
E 0  2U 2
E 0'
For 60º (0 .5 8 5 U 2 )

E 0  2U 2 cos(  60 ) I d m in
O d is c o n tin u o u ts
c o n tin u o u s m o d e Id
m ode

For 3-phase half-wave

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Speed-torque (mechanic) characteristic
when load current is discontinuous
For different 
E b o u nd ary
The point of EMF at no E0
load is raised up. a1
a2
a3
a4
The droop rate becomes a5
steer. (softer than the
d isco ntin u ou s continuous mode
continuous mode) m ode
O Id
For 3-phase half-wave
(60º, 60º)

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10.1.2 Inverter mode of operation
Equations n re c tifie r
mode
– are just the same as in the
rectifier mode of operation 1

increasing
except that Ud, EM and n 2
3
become negative. E.g., in
3-phase half-wave 4

EM  1.17U 2 cos   R  Id  U = = 

2 Id

increasing
4
(10-3)
3
1.17U 2 cos  R  Id  U 2
n  in v e rte r 1
Ce Ce mode
– Or in another form (10-4)

Speed-torque characteristic of
E M   (U d 0 cos   I d R  (10-11) a DC motor fed by a thyristor
1 rectifier circuit
n U d 0 cos   IdR  (10-12)
Ce 8
 10.1.3 Reversible DC motor drive system
(4-quadrant operation)
converter 2 inverting +n
converter 1 rectifyin g

Id Id
+ AC AC +
E nergy source sou rce E nergy
+ +
EM M M E
L - - M
a co nverter 1
- U d
co nv erte r2 co nv erte r1
U d -
co nverte r2
b
c M EM
forw ard braking(regenerating) forw ard m otoring
co n v e rter 1 co n v e rter 2
-T O +T
converter 2 rectifyin g converter 1 inverting
Back-to-back Id Id
connection of two 3- - AC AC -
phase bridge circuits E n ergy
source sou rce
E nergy
- -
EM M M EM
co nverter 1 + co n verte r2 co nv erte r1 + co nverter2
+ U d U d +

reverse m otoring reverse b rakin g(regenerating)

-n
9
4-quadrant speed-torque characteristic
of Reversible DC motor drive system

n
converter 2 converter 1
'1
1
'2
'increasing

2

increasing
'3
3
'4
4
'='= 
2
==  Id
'increasing

'4 2
4

increasing
'3
3
'2
2
'1
1
1='1; '1=1
2='2; '2=2

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10.2 Frequency converters and
AC drivers
Composite converter:
Combination of two or more converters in cascaded
connection

Indirect AC to AC converters
(AC-DC-AC converters)
Composite converters
Indirect DC to DC converters
(Isolated DC to DC converters)

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 Indirect AC to AC converters
(AC-DC-AC converters)
Classifications
According to type of the DC links:
Voltage-source type
AC-DC-AC converters
Current-source type
According to whether output voltage and frequency is
variable:
Variable voltage variable frequency
(VVVF)
AC-DC-AC converters (AC-DC-AC frequency converters)
Constant voltage constant frequency
(CVCF)
In narrow sense, frequency converter only refers to
VVVF AC-DC-AC converter.

12
 10.2.1 Configurations of AC-DC-AC converters
Configurations with one-direction power flow

AC AC AC AC
Source Load Source Load

Voltage-source type Current-source type

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Configuration with regenerative energy
dissipating circuit

AC V0 AC
Source Load
R0

Braking transistor and braking resistor

14
 Configurations with regenerative power feedback
through inversion-mode thyristor rectifier circuit

Id
AC AC
Source Load
AC AC
Ud UL
Source Load

Voltage-source type Current-source type

15
 Configurations realizing bi-directional power
flow through double-sided PWM converters

Source Load

a U
AC AC b V
Source Load c W

Voltage-source type Current-source type

16
10.2.2 Major Applications of AC-DC-AC
frequency converters (VVVF
converters)
Adjustable speed AC motor drives
Advantages of AC motors over DC motors
Energy saving on AC motors
High-performance AC motor drives

Control of AC motors driven by AC-DC-AC frequency

converters (VVVF converters)
Constant voltage frequency ratio control
Slip frequency control
Vector control
Direct torque control

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10.3 Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS)
Basic configuration of UPS

Rectifier Inverter
Electricity
utility Load

Source
Major Applications of CVCF converters

18
UPS with back-up energy source

Electricity
utility Rectifier Inverter
1
S Load
2
Diesel
Engine
Source

19
 UPS with back-up energy source
and bypass lines

Bypass lines

Electricity Load
Rectifier 3
utility Inverter
1 4 S2
S1
2
Diesel
Engine Source

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 10.4 Switching Power Supply
Linear power supply
Line Line frequency
frequency Regulated
AC input DC DC output
Series Pass
Transformer Rectifier Filter
Regulator

Isolation

• Switching power supply

High High
Line frequency frequency
frequency AC Regulated
AC
AC input DC DC output
Rectifier Filter Inverter Transformer Rectifier Filter

Isolation

Indirect DC to DC converter
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Point of load regulation (POL)
Specifically means a particular switching
power supply for a large size IC chip, such
as a CUP or a memory chip.

Synchronous Buck Synchronous Boost

22
A typical application of switching power supply

Power system for telecommunication equipment

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Control of switching power supply
Voltage mode control

Current mode control

– Peak current mode control
– Average current mode control

24
Voltage mode control

25
Current mode control

26
Peak current mode control

27
Average current mode control

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10.5 Power Factor Correction (PFC)
Operation principle of typical PFC circuit
– Single-phase boost PFC
– 3-phases single-switch boost PFC

Single stage PFC

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Single-phase boost PFC

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3-phases single-switch boost PFC

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 2
Single stage PFC ( S PFC )

A typical S 2 PFC converter

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10.6 Application in utility power system
High voltage DC transmission (HVDC)
Reactive power compensation
Harmonics suppression
Power quality control, FACTS and custom
power

33
High voltage DC transmission (HVDC)

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Reactive power compensation
Thyristor switched capacitor (TSC)
Thyristor controlled reactor (TCR)
Static var generator (SVG)

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Thyristor switched capacitor (TSC)

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TSC waveforms when the capacitor is
switched in/out
us
uVT
t
1
uC uC
iC t
VT1
us
C uVT1
VT2 VT1 t
iC
VT2 t
t1 t2
The voltage across the thyristor must be nearly zero when
switching in the capacitor, and the current of the thyristor must
be zero when switching out the capacitor.

37
TSC with the electronic switch realized
by a thyristor and an anti-parallel diode

The capacitor voltage will be always charged up to the peak of

source voltage.
The response to switching-out command could be a little
slower (maximum delay is one line-cycle).

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Thyristor-controlled reactor (TCR)
To control the effective current flowing through the
reactor by controlling delay angle, therefore control
the reactive power absorbed by the reactor.

ua a
ia

n b
ub

c a) b) c)
uc

图4- 12

39
Static var generator (SVG)
Also called static compensator (STATCOM)

VSC based SVG CSC based SVG

40
Operation principle of SVG

41
Harmonic suppression
Power factor correction
Two solutions
Harmonic compensation

Circuit configuration of an Active power factor (APF)

42
Operation principle of APF

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Power quality control

Power quality problems Power quality controllers

Current harmonics APF

Reactive power SVC or SVG

Voltage sag Dynamic voltage restorer

(DVR)

Voltage flicker Universal power quality

controller (UPQC)

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Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS)
FACTS is actually a general term of application if
power electronic to the utility electric power
transmission system - for higher controllability and
larger transmission capacity.
Typical FACTA devices
– SVC
– SVG
– Thyristor Switched Series Capacitor (TSSC)
– Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC)
– Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC)
– Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)

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Custom Power
Custom power is a general term of application of
power electronics to the utility electric power
distribution system for better quality and higher
reliability of the power supplying to different
customers.
Typical Custom Power devices
– SVC or SVG (D-STATCOM)
– DVR
– APF
– Solid State Transfer Switch (SSTS)

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10.7 Other applications
Lighting
– Power supply for different lamps
– Power supply for gas discharge lamps is
specifically called ballast.

Typical configuration of an electronic ballast

Welding

Typical configuration of a welding power supply

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