Smart Grid System Operation (ELEN-6108) Lec 5

Smart Grid System Operation (ELEN-6108 )
SMART GRID
COMMUNICATIONS AND
MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY
Instructor: Dr. Muhammad Umair Shahid
STATIC SECURITY ASSESSMENT (SSA)
AND CONTINGENCIES
• System security refers to the ability of the power system to withstand probable
disturbance with minimal disruption of service.
• In an operational environment, security assessment involves predicting the
vulnerability of the system to possible disruptive events in real time.
• Actual operating conditions change constantly because of maintenance
requirements, forced outages, and load patterns.
• The important options available to improve upon an insecure condition include
starting an available unit, rescheduling generation, or asking for assistance from a
neighboring system.
AND CONTINGENCIES
• The concept of DyLiacco’s
security - state diagram,
shown in Figure 3.4 , shows
the principal operating
states:
Figure: DyLiacco’s security-state

AND CONTINGENCIES
• 1. Secure or normal state: all system loads are satisfied at the specified voltage
levels
• 2. Emergency state: some operating limits are violated, for example, overloaded
lines
• 3. Restorative state: some loads are not met, that is, partial or total blackout, but
the operating portion of the system is in a normal state.
CONTINGENCIES AND THEIR
CLASSIFICATION
• Steady - state contingency analysis predicts power flows and bus voltage conditions following events such as line
outages, transformer outages, and generator outages.
• There are many reasons for transmission line and transformer outages. The simplest reason is planned maintenance.
• Another involves switching operations to control power flows in the network and/or to overcome voltage problems.
• In either case, the outages are caused by operators performing daily dispatching and maintenance functions.
• Another class of outages is called forced outages, for example, a line that has experienced a permanent fault is
automatically de - energized by circuit breakers, or an overloaded line or transformer is de - energized to protect it
from damage.
• In either case, the operator needs to know the effects of the outage on power flows and voltage conditions throughout
the system in order to take preventive measures before the outages occur.
• In the case of planned maintenance, the operator will require a forecasted load flow case at the time of planned outage.
• In the case of switching operations for flow and voltage control, the operator will require a load flow solution for the
present pre-outage condition.
CONTINGENCIES
AND THEIR
CLASSIFICATION
Figure: System security and associated functions.

CLASSIFICATION
• Steady-State Contingency Analysis
• Steady - state contingency analysis predicts power flows and bus voltage conditions following
transmission line outages, transformer outages, and generator outages.
• Performance Indices
• A security - type performance index ranks the severity of various contingencies.
• The following index is an illustration:
• where is the magnitude of the voltage at bus, is the nominal (usually rated) voltage at bus k, and is the
weighting number associated with the relative importance, or the allowable range of voltage variation, at
bus k. For a precontingency condition, will take the value of . For the ith contingency will take the
value of .
CLASSIFICATION
• External System Equivalents.
• In the online control and operational context, the system being controlled is usually
interconnected to other systems.
• Normally, a contingency in one system will have the highest repercussions within that system.
• There are always cases, however, where a contingency in one system is strongly felt in
another, for example, the loss of a major generating unit may cause power flow limit
violations elsewhere.
• The difficulty in predicting the impact of a contingency arises from the fact that the external
network is not monitored as carefully as the internal network.
• Through state estimation, all internal system voltage magnitudes and angles, power flows,
generations, load, and network topology are known online.
• As for the external system, online information is normally restricted to items such as intertie
power flows, status of major lines and generators, and possibly individual unit outputs.
CLASSIFICATION
• The steps in the utilization of network equivalents are:
1. Perform network reduction using an appropriate technique
2. Given the base case (pre-outage) solution, compute boundary bus injections
3. Reclassify some boundary busses as generation busses if necessary
4. Postulate a contingency list
5. For each contingency in the list, solve the load flow problem using a fast
contingency evaluation technique that is initiated by the base case solution
CLASSIFICATION
• Sensitivity-Based Approaches
• The external equivalent network depends on real and reactive external bus injections and voltage
magnitudes.
• Following a line outage or generator contingency, the external voltages, and possibly some
injections will be different.
• This means that a postoutage equivalent is required.
• Obviously, it defeats the entire purpose of network reduction.
• A more crucial problem is that external system injections and voltages are actually unknown in an
online environment.
• There are two possible solution paths.
• In the first path, during offline studies, it is important to obtain equivalent networks that are
insensitive to external conditions and to internal outages.
• If this objective is achieved, the next step uses online measurements to calibrate the parametric
values of equivalent lines and injections.
CONTINGENCY STUDIES FOR THE
SMART GRID
• Contingency studies are proposed planning/operation tool for assessing the impact of unit or line outage in an
integrated smart grid environment.
• This could be a single or multiple line outages called N - 1, N - 2, N - 3, . . . contingency.
• There are two types of contingency:
1. AC automatic contingency screening/filtering
2. AC automatic contingency control
SMART GRID
• Use of the contingency set includes:
1. These contingencies sets are used in SSA (Static security assessment) as well as in DSA
(dynamic security assessment). The SSA consists of the following elements.
a. Load flow base case
b. Schedule contingency
c. Develop and model a PI for each contingency
2. Provide the studies for violation check against a given threshold, PI ≤ Threshold for violated
contingency case in ascending order
3. Develop security measure to aid improvement in recommendation and display
SMART GRID
• SSA is well known for classical power system.
• The weak points are: includes
1. Selection of weighting measure
2. Exponent factors
3. The probability of selecting a contingency
4. Lack of human intelligence and relative information on knowledge - base for
decision - making by nonexperts. Work by the author has been planned using ES,
ANN, and fuzzy sets. These schemes do not include time against sources, variability in selecting
parameters for contingency studies.
Any Questions?

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Smart Grid System Operation (ELEN-6108 )

Figure: DyLiacco’s security-state

Figure: System security and associated functions.

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