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Arithmetic and Logical Instructions

The document discusses various arithmetic and logical instructions in x86 assembly language. It covers addition, subtraction, increment, decrement, multiplication, and division instructions. Key points include: - ADD, SUB, INC, DEC, MUL, IMUL, DIV, IDIV are common arithmetic instructions - ADD, SUB, ADC, SBB operate on registers and memory and set flags. INC, DEC only increment/decrement. - MUL, IMUL multiply a register by AL, AX, or EAX and store result in AX, DX:AX, or EDX:EAX depending on operand size. - DIV, IDIV perform unsigned and signed division respectively, storing quotient in AL,

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239 views20 pages

Arithmetic and Logical Instructions

The document discusses various arithmetic and logical instructions in x86 assembly language. It covers addition, subtraction, increment, decrement, multiplication, and division instructions. Key points include: - ADD, SUB, INC, DEC, MUL, IMUL, DIV, IDIV are common arithmetic instructions - ADD, SUB, ADC, SBB operate on registers and memory and set flags. INC, DEC only increment/decrement. - MUL, IMUL multiply a register by AL, AX, or EAX and store result in AX, DX:AX, or EDX:EAX depending on operand size. - DIV, IDIV perform unsigned and signed division respectively, storing quotient in AL,

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Hadija
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Arithmetic and Logical

Instructions
Arithmetic and Logical instructions
• All the instructions performing arithmetic ,
logical, increment, decrement, compare and
ASCII instructions belong to this category.
• Most common arithmetic instructions are:
ADD DIV
SUB IDIV
MUL INC
IMUL DEC
ADD and ADC
• The add instruction adds the contents of the
source operand to the destination operand.
• ADD computes dest :=dest+source
• ADC computes dest :=dest+source+C where C
represents the value to carry whenthe carry
flag is set.
• Therefore, if the carry flag is clear before
execution, ADC behaves exactly like the ADD
instruction.
• Both instructions affect the flags identically.
ADD and ADC
• Syntax : ADD dest, src
• Syntax: ADC dest, src
FLAGS
• ZF := 1 if result = 0
• SF := 1 if result is negative
• CF := 1 if unsigned arithmetic overflows
• OF := 1 if result overflowed signed capacity
INC
• The INC instruction is very important because
adding one to a register is a very common
operation.
• Incrementing loop control variables or indices into
an array is a very common operation, perfect for
the INC instruction.
• INC does not affect the carry flag allowing
incrementing array indices without affecting
arithmetic computation.
• Example INC ax
SUB,SBB and DEC
• The SUB (subtract), SBB(subtract with borrow), DEC
(decrement).
• SUB and SBB syntax is similar to ADD and ADC syntax.
sub reg, reg
sub reg, mem
sub mem, reg
sub reg, immediate data
sub mem, immediate data
• Semantic: SUB dest := dest - src.
SBB dest := dest - src - C.
DEC dest-1
• Syntax: SUB\SBB dest,src
DEC dest
FLAGS
• ZF := 1 if result = 0
• SF := 1 if result is negative
• CF := 1 if unsigned arithmetic overflows
• OF := 1 if signed overflow/underflow occurs.
Examples
• Write an assembly to add 10 and 6 then
subtract 5.
Mov ax,10
Mov bx,6
ADD ax,bx
Mov bx,5
SUB ax,bx
MUL\IMUL
There are two forms of the multiply instruction:
• MUL - an unsigned multiplication
• IMUL - a signed multiplication
• Unlike addition and subtraction, you need separate
instructions for these two operations.
• The multiply instructions to use a single
operand.
• Syntax MUL reg/mem/immediate
MUL/IMUL
These instructions multiplies unsigned byte or
word by the content of accumulator register
(AL/AH/AX/EAX/RAX).

MULTPLICAND PRODUCT
AL AX
AX DX:AX
EAX EDX:EAX
MUL
• Note that when multiplying two n-bit values,
the result may require as many as 2*n bits.
• Therefore, if the operand is an eight bit
quantity, the result will require sixteen bits.
• Likewise, a 16 bit operand produces a 32 bit
result and a 32 bit operand requires 64 bits for
the result.
Example
To multiply 8 by 7 in assembly
Org 0x0100
mov al,8
mov bl,7
mul bl
int 0x21

The result is 38 in hexadecimal in AX register.


Example 2
Org 0x0100
mov ax,2000h
mov bx,100h
mul bx
int 0x21
The result is 00200000h in DX:AX registers and
CF=1
IMUL
• IMUL (signed integer multiply ) multiplies an 8
or 16 or 32-bit signed operand by either AL, AX,
or EAX.
• Preserves the sign of the product by sign
extending it into the upper half of the
destination register.
• The source can be a general purpose register,
memory operand, index register or base
register, but it cannot be an immediate data.
Example
Org 0x0100
mov al,48
mov bl,4
mul bl
int 0x21

AX = 00C0
DIV
• The DIV (unsigned divide) instruction performs
8-bit,16-bit, and 32-bit division on unsigned
integers.
• A single operand is supplied by(register or
memory operand), which is assumed to be the
divisor.
Operands
DIVIDENT DIVISOR QUOTIENT REMINDER
AX R/M8 AL AH
DX:AX R/M16 AX DX
EDX:EAX R/M32 EAX EDX
Example
Org 0x0100
mov dx,0 ; clear dividend
mov ax,9 ; dividend
mov cx,2; divisor
div cx ;
int 0x21

;Result: AX = 4, DX = 1
DIV Example
Org 0x0100
mov al,36
mov ax,9
div al
int 0x21
IDIV
• This instruction performs same operation as the
DIV instruction but with signed operands.
• The results are stored similarly as in case of DIV
instruction.
• In both cases of word and double word divisions
the results will also be signed numbers.
• Syntax
IDIV divisor

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