Problem-Solving and

Decision-Making
Strategies for Individuals
and Teams
Section 1:
Teamwork and
Communication
Critical Thinking, Problem- Solving,
and Teamwork
Broken Squares Activity
• Goal: Use pieces to assemble
5 squares, all of equal size.
• No talking, pointing, or gesturing.
• You may give pieces to another team member,
but not take pieces from anyone.
• Pieces must be given directly to another, not just
placed in the center of the table.
Critical Thinking, Problem- Solving,
and Teamwork
Broken Squares Activity
• What part of the game was the
most fun?
• Were some members frustrated? Why?
• Were any members always/never
willing to give away their pieces?
• Did some members dominate the play?
• Were some members willing to violate the rules?
Critical Thinking, Problem- Solving,
and Teamwork
Broken Squares Activity
• How did team members interact?
• Were any members always/never
willing to give away their pieces?
• Was there a turning point where cooperation began?
• What role does communication play in solving
problems?
Critical Thinking, Problem- Solving,
and Teamwork
Broken Squares Activity
• What strategies could group
members have used to make the
team’s outcome more successful?
• What lessons did you learn from the game that could
be applied in other problem-solving situations?
Critical Thinking, Problem- Solving,
and Teamwork
Broken Squares Activity
• Cooperation by all team members is necessary to
solve team problems.
• It is important that everyone understand and follow
guidelines.
• Everyone’s efforts are important.
• Recognize that your contributions are important.
• Communication in many forms is vital for success.
Section 2:
Making Decisions
Your Decision-Making Skills
• How many decisions do you make in a day?
• How do you make a decision?
• What is a good decision?
• Describe how you recently made a good
decision? What was the process?
Making Decisions
• Flip a coin, roll a die, For each approach:
“draw a card.” • Is this sometimes an
• It “feels right.” appropriate method?
• Formal or logical • Is this a good method?
methods; ranking the • Any drawbacks?
options. • What will be the
• Eliminating decisions. likely outcomes?
Section 3:
Solving Problems
Problem-Solving Strategies
Draw a diagram.
• “A picture is worth a thousand words.”
• Are you a visual learner?
• Turn an abstract problem into a concrete
problem by making a sketch.
• Example: Determine the order of the houses.
Problem-Solving Strategies
Make a list.
• A systematic listing of options/choices can
make the answer clearer.
• Use a methodical approach to cover all
options/choices.
• Example: How many possible tile arrangements
are there?
Problem-Solving Strategies
Trial and error
• Sometimes known as “guess and check.”
• Good if the cost of a wrong guess is minimal.
• Good if the number of possible answers is not too
large.
• Example: The product of five consecutive integers
is greater than one million. What are the smallest
values that do this?
Problem-Solving Strategies
Divide and conquer.
• Break big problems into several smaller
problems that are more easily solved.
• Example: How many tiles
should be ordered for
a countertop with complex
geometry?
Problem-Solving Strategies
Look for a pattern.
• Often other approaches yield a pattern that suggests
a possible solution. Test the solution.
• Example: 1000 students have 1000 lockers. Starting
at locker 0001, Student #1 opens every locker.
Student #2 closes every other locker. Student #3
changes every 3rd locker. Student #4 changes every 4th
locker. And so on, through Student #1000. What
lockers will be left open?
Problem-Solving Strategies
Working backward might be useful when...
• The final result is clear, but the initial conditions are not.
• The beginning situation is complicated but the end is simple.
• The direct approach would involve a complicated equation.
• The problem involves a sequence of reversible actions.
• Example: What was your previous month’s bank balance if
this month’s statement shows $493.18, after checks for
$17.73 and $88.10, and a deposit of $193.22 and interest of
$0.26?
Section 4:
Quality Improvement
Seven-Step Strategy for Quality
Improvement
1. Identify and define the problem.
a) Brainstorming
b) Impact changeability tool
c) Problem statement
2. Study the current situation.
a) Force-field analysis
b) Flow chart
Seven-Step Strategy for Quality
Improvement
3. Find the root cause.
a) Asking “why” five times
b) Fishbone diagram
4. Choose a solution.
a) Brainstorming
b) Evaluation grid
Seven-Step Strategy for Quality
Improvement
5. Develop and action plan.
– Specific and clear
– Logical sequence
– Comprehensive
– Shared with whole team
– Reviewed frequently
GANTT Chart
• Illustrates the beginning and completion dates for
sub-tasks within a project
PERT Chart
• Project Evaluation and Review (PERT) shows
the sequence of tasks in a project or problem-
solving process
Seven-Step Strategy for Quality
Improvement
6. Implement the action plan.
Includes five Ws and one H:
• Who
• What
• Where
• When
• Why
• How
Seven-Step Strategy for Quality
Improvement
7. Check the results.
a) Force-field analysis
b) Brainstorming
c) Evaluation grid
Quality-Control Charting
• X-bar and R-charts
– “X-bar” (orx ) is
the average of
sample measures.
– “R” is the range, the
maximum value minus
minimum value.
• X-bar shows “drift.”
• R shows variation.