Lecture 1: Review of the machine

operation

TEEE 4103 ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS

MANAGEMENT
 Introduction: The power system 
• Power generation plants produce the
electrical energy
• Delivered to consumers through transmission
lines, substations, and distribution lines.
• Generation plants or power plants consist of
three-phase generator(s), the prime mover,
energy source, control room, and substation.
Review of generator operation
Review of generator operation…
 The prime movers and
their associated energy sources 
• The mechanical means of turning the generator’s rotor is
called the
prime mover.
• The prime mover’s energy sources include the
conversion process of raw fuel, such as coal, to the end
product(steam)that will turn the turbine.
• The bulk of electrical energy produced in today’s
interconnected power systems is normally produced
through a conversion process from coal, oil, natural gas,
nuclear, and hydro.
• To a lesser degree, electrical power is produced from wind,
solar, geothermal, and biomass energy resources.
 common types of energy
resources and their prime mover
The more common types of Hydro turbines
energy resources used to •Dams and rivers 
generate electricity and their •Pump storage  
associated prime movers
include:
•Steam turbines Combustion turbines
 Fossil fuels (coal, gas, oil) •Diesel 
•Nuclear  • Natural gas
•Geothermal  •Combined cycle
•Solar-heated steam  
Wind turbines
Solar direct (photovoltaic)
Synchronous Generator
 Synchronous Generator
• In Synchronous Generator, a DC current is
applied to rotor winding (produce rotor
magnetic field).
• The rotor is turned by prime mover,
producing a rotating magnetic field.
• The rotating magnetic field produce three
phase sets of voltages within the stator.
• Armature winding [in stator]
• Field winding [in rotor]
 Exciter Circuits
Field circuit dc current supply:
• External dc supply by means of slip rings and brushes
• Special dc power source mounted on the shaft –brushless [in large
generators].
 The speed of rotation and internal
voltage of Syn. Generator
• Synchronous means
that the electrical
frequency produced is nm P 120 f
fe   nm 
locked with the 120 P
mechanical rate of
rotation of the
generator.

• The internal voltage in E A  2N cf  K

SG is given by following K : constant represents
formula: construction of machine
 : radian /s
 The speed of rotation and internal voltage
of Syn. Generator
• Synchronous means that The internal voltage in SG
the electrical frequency
produced is locked with is given by following
the mechanical rate of formula
rotation of the generator. EA  2N cf  4.444 N c BAf
2f N
EA  N c  c 
P P n Pnm 2 2
fe  fm  ( m )  
2 2 60 120 E A  K
120 f e
nm  N = number of turns,
P B= flux density,
A = cross sectional area of the magnetic circuit,
Example: f = frequency,
• Determine the rotation speed φ= flux per pole
(r/min)for SG consists of : K : constant represents construction of machine
- 2 poles, 50 HZ, 2 poles 60 Hz, : radian /s
- 4 poles 50 HZ, 4 poles 60 Hz EA: is proportional to flux and speed ,
• Determine the number of poles for flux depend on the current flowing in
50 Hz ,operate at 1000 r/min SG ? the rotor field circuits field
 The equivalent Circuit of the
Synchronous Generator
• The voltage EA is the • There are many factors that
induced voltage produced
in one phase of a cause the difference
synchronous generator. EA between EA and V
is not usually the voltage including:
that appears at the – The distortion of the air-gap
terminals of the generator. magnetic field by the current
The only time EA is the flowing in the stator, called
same as the output armature reaction.
voltage Vφ of the phase – The resistance of the armature
when there is no armature coils,
current flowing in the
– The self inductance of the
machine (during no load).
armature coils
– The effect of salient pole rotor
shape
 Per Phase Equivalent Circuit of the
Synchronous Generator
V  EA  Estator
Estator   jXIA
V  EA  jXIA
• X: represents the effect of armature
reaction reactance only.
• In addition to the armature reaction .The
stator coils have self inductance and
resistance, therefore we define:

Xs  X  XA
V  EA  jXsIA  RAIA
 Three Phase Equivalent Circuit of the
Synchronous Generator
 You observe the DC power source
supplying the rotor field circuit.
The figure also shows that each
phase has an induced voltage
with a series XS and a series RA.
The voltages and currents of the
three phases are identical but
120 apart in angle.

 The three phases can be either Y

or ∆ . If they are Y connected,
then the terminal voltage VT is
related to the phase voltage by
VT  3 V
The full equivalent circuit of a three-phase
If ∆ connected : synchronous generator

VT  V
 Phasor Diagram
 Voltages in a synchronous
generator are expressed as phasors
because they are AC voltages. Since
we have magnitude and angle, the
relationship between voltage and
current must be expressed by a
two-dimensional plot.

 It is noticed that, for a given Phasor diagram of a

synchronous generator at unity
phase voltage and armature
power factor (purely resistive
current, a larger induced voltage EA Load).
is required for lagging loads than
leading loads.
 Phasor Diagram
Phasor diagram of a
synchronous generator at
lagging factor (Inductive
Load).

Phasor diagram of a
synchronous generator at
leading factor (Capacitive
Load).

Notice that larger internal voltage is needed for lagging loads, therefore,
larger field currents is needed with lagging loads to get the same terminal
voltage E A  K
 Power Relationships
 Not all the mechanical power going into a synchronous generator becomes
electrical power out of the machine. The difference between input power and
output power represents the losses of the machine. The input mechanical power
is the shaft power in the generator.

Pout
Pin (Motor)
Pconverted
Pin  s m (Pm) 3VT I L cos 

Pconv  ind m

Stray losses Rotational Core losses Copper losses

(Pst) losses (Pr) (Pc) (Pcu)

Pc  Pr  Pst 2
3I A R A
AC Machine Power Flow
and Losses

Sync. Generator

Induction Motor
 Power Relationships
The power converted from mechanical to electrical is given by;

Pconv   ind m  3E A I A cos 

Where  is the angle between EA and IA:

If the armature resistance RA is ignored (XS >>

RA), Therefore:
E A sin 
I A cos 
XS
Substituting this equation into Pout, gives;.
3V E A sin 
 P Where  is the angle
XS between EA and VT.

The induced torque can be expressed as;.

3V E A sin 
  ind 
m X S
 Power Angle Characteristics
 The P(δ) curve shows that the
increase of power increases the angle
between the induced voltage and the
terminal voltage.

 The power is maximum when δ=90o

 The further increase of input power

forces the generator out of
synchronism. This generates large
current and mechanical forces.

 The maximum power is the static

stability limit of the system.

 Safe operation requires a 15-20%

3V E A
 Pmax 
power reverse. XS
 Efficiency
Pout
  100 %
Pin
Pin  Pout  Plosses
 Microsoft Equation
3.0

Example:
• A 480-V, 200-KVA, 0.8 PF lagging, 60-HZ, 2-poles, Y-connected
synchronous generator has a synchronous reactance of 0.25 Ω and
an armature resistance of 0.04 Ω. At 60 Hz, its friction and windage
losses are 6 KW and its core losses are 4 KW. Assume that the field
current of the generator has been adjusted to a value of 4.5 A so
that the open-circuit terminal voltage of the generator is 477 V.
Determine:
a) The terminal voltage of the generator, if it is connected to Δ-
connected load with an impedance of 530 Ω.
b)The efficiency.
c)Sketch the phasor diagram of this generator
d)If another identical Δ-connected load is connected in parallel,
determine the new terminal voltage.

e)Sketch the new phasor diagram after adding the new load.
Example: Solution