02 Principles of Gyroscopic Instruments

Principles of Gyroscopic
Instruments
Nezih KAYA
Mechanical Gyros
• Jiroskop, uçaklarda yön ölçümü veya ayarlamasında kullanılır.
• Jiroskopik hareketin temeli fizik kurallarına ve açısal momentumun
korunumu ilkesine dayalıdır.
• Bisiklete binenler, bisiklet hızlı gittiğinde dengeyi kolayca sağlarlar.
• Bir topaç, dönme hızı büyükse, dik kalarak dönmeye devam eder.
• Yavaşladıkça yana yatmaya başlar ve sonunda devrilir.
• Her iki örnekte de, kararsız olan (yani kolayca düşebilecek olan) cisimler,
yeterli hızla hareket halinde oldukları vakit dik durabilmektedir.
• Bir defa bir düzleme dönmeye başlatılan bir cismin o düzlemde dönmeye
devam etmesi özelliğinden jiropusularda ve denizcilik ile havacılıkta
kullanılan başka çeşitli seyir yardımcılarında faydalanılır.
• Ağırlığının büyük bir kısmı dış kısımdaki tekerleklerde toplanmıştır.
• Bu cins ağır tekerleklerin hepsine jiroskop denir.
Mechanical Gyros
• Three of the most common flight instruments, the attitude
indicator, heading indicator, and turn needle of the turn-and
bank indicator, are controlled by gyroscopes.
• To understand how these instruments operate, knowledge of
gyroscopic principles and instrument power systems is required.
• A mechanical gyroscope, or gyro, is comprised of a wheel or
rotor with its mass concentrated around its perimeter.
• The rotor has bearings to enable it to spin at high speeds.
Mechanical Gyros
• Different mounting configurations are available for the rotor and axle, which
allow the rotor assembly to rotate about one or two axes perpendicular to its
axis of spin.
• To suspend the rotor for rotation, the axle is first mounted in a supporting ring.
[Figure 10-93B]
• If brackets are attached 90° around the supporting ring from where the spin axle
attached, the supporting ring and rotor can both move freely 360°.
Mechanical Gyros
• When in this configuration, the gyro is said to be a captive gyro.
• It can rotate about only one axis that is perpendicular to the axis of spin. [Figure 10-
93C]
• A gyroscope with this configuration, two rings plus the mounting bracket, is said to
be a free gyro because it is free to rotate about two axes that are both perpendicular
to the rotor’s spin axis. [Figure 10-93D]
• As a result, the supporting ring with spinning gyro mounted inside is free to turn 360°
inside the outer ring.
Mechanical Gyros
• Unless the rotor of a gyro is
spinning, it has no unusual
properties; it is simply a wheel
universally mounted.
• When the rotor is rotated at a
high speed, the gyro exhibits a
couple of unique characteristics.
• The first is called gyroscopic
rigidity, or rigidity in space.
• This means that the rotor of a
free gyro always points in the
same direction no matter which
way the base of the gyro is
positioned. [Figure 10-94]
Mechanical Gyros
• Gyroscopic rigidity depends upon several design factors:
– 1. Weight—for a given size, a heavy mass is more resistant to disturbing
forces than a light mass.
– 2. Angular velocity—the higher the rotational speed, the greater the
rigidity or resistance is to deflection.
– 3. Radius at which the weight is concentrated—maximum effect is
obtained from a mass when its principal weight is concentrated near the
rim, rotating at high speed.
– 4. Bearing friction—any friction applies a deflecting force to a gyro.
Minimum bearing friction keeps deflecting forces at a minimum.
• This characteristic of gyros to remain rigid in space is exploited in
the attitude-indicating instruments and the directional indicators
that use gyros.
Mechanical Gyros
• Precession is a second important characteristic of gyroscopes.
• By applying a force to the horizontal axis of the gyro, a unique phenomenon occurs.
• Instead of responding to the force by moving about the horizontal axis, the gyro
moves in response about its vertical axis.
• Stated another way, an applied force to the

axis of the spinning gyro does not cause the
axis to tilt.
• Rather, the gyro responds as though the force
was applied 90° around in the direction of
rotation of the gyro rotor.
• The gyro rotates rather than tilts. [Figure 10-
95]
• This predictable controlled precession of a
gyroscope is utilized in a turn and bank
instrument.
Mechanical Gyros
• Unless the rotor of a gyro is spinning, it
has no unusual properties; it is simply a
wheel universally mounted.
• When the rotor is rotated at a high
speed, the gyro exhibits a couple of
unique characteristics.
• The first is called gyroscopic rigidity, or
rigidity in space.
• This means that the rotor of a free gyro
always points in the same direction no
matter which way the base of the gyro
is positioned. [Figure 10-94]
• Attitude indikatörlerinde ve yön
indikatörlerinde, Gyroların uzayda
değişmez kalma (rigidity in space)
karakteristiklerinden yararlanılmaktadır.
Solid State Gyros and Related Systems
• Improved attitude and direction information is always a
goal in aviation.
• Modern aircraft make use of highly accurate solid state
attitude and directional devices with no moving parts.
• This results in very high reliability and low maintenance.
Solid State Gyros and Related
Systems
Ring Laser Gyros (RLG)
• The ring laser gyro (RLG) is widely used in
commercial aviation.
• The basis for RLG operation is that it takes time for
light to travel around a stationary, nonrotating
circular path.
• Light takes longer to complete the journey if the
path is rotating in the same direction as the light is
traveling.
• And, it takes less time for the light to complete the
loop if the path is rotating in the direction
opposite to that of the light.
• Essentially, the path is made longer or shorter by
the rotation of the path. [Figure 10-96]
• This is known as the Sagnac effect.
• A ring laser gyro produces laser beams that travel in opposite directions around a closed
triangular cavity.
• The wavelength of the light traveling around the loop is fixed.
• As the loop rotates, the path the lasers
must travel lengthens or shortens.
• The light wavelengths compress or expand
to complete travel around the loop as the
loop changes its effective length.
• As the wavelengths change, the
frequencies also change.
• By examining the difference in the
frequencies of the two counter rotating
beams of light, the rate at which the path
is rotating can be measured.
• A piezoelectric dithering motor in the center of the unit vibrates to prevent lock-in of the
output signal at low rotational speeds.
• It causes units installed on aircraft to hum when operating. [Figure 10-97]
• An RLG is remotely mounted so the cavity
path rotates around one of the axes of
flight.
• The rate of frequency phase shift
detected between the counter rotating
lasers is proportional to the rate that the
aircraft is moving about that axis.
• On aircraft, an RLG is installed for each
axis of flight.
• Output can be used in analog instrumentation and autopilot systems.
• It is also easily made compatible for use by digital display computers and
for digital autopilot computers.
• RLGs are very rugged and have a long
service life with virtually no
maintenance due to their lack of
moving parts.
• They measure movement about an
axis extremely quickly and provide
continuous output.
• They are extremely accurate and
generally are considered superior to
mechanical gyroscopes.
Microelectromechanical Based Attitude and
Directional Systems
• On aircraft, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)
devices save space and weight.
• Through the use of solid-state MEMS devices, reliability is
increased primarily due to the lack of moving parts.
• The development of MEMS technology for use in aviation
instrumentation integrates with the use of ADCs.
• This newest improvement in technology is low cost and
promises to proliferate through all forms of aviation.
• MEMS for gyroscopic applications are used in small, general
aviation aircraft, as well as larger commercial aircraft.
Directional Systems
• Tiny vibration-based units with resistance and capacitance measuring pick-
offs are accurate and reliable and only a few millimeters in length and width.
• They are normally integrated into a complete micro-electronic solid-state chip
designed to yield an output after various conditioning processes are
performed.
• The chips, which are analogous to tiny circuit boards, can be packaged for
installation inside a dedicated computer or module that is installed on the
aircraft.
• While a large mechanical gyroscope spins in a plane, its rigidity in space is
used to observe and measure the movement of the aircraft.
• The basis of operation of many MEMS gyroscopes is the same despite their
tiny size.
• The difference is that a vibrating or oscillating piezoelectric device replaces
the spinning, weighted ring of the mechanical gyro.
Directional Systems
• Still, once set in motion, any out-of-plane motion is detectable by varying
microvoltages or capacitances detected through geometrically arranged pickups.
• Since piezoelectric substances have a relationship between movement and
electricity, microelectrical stimulation can set a piezoelectric gyro in motion and
the tiny voltages produced via the movement in the piezo can be extracted.
• They can be input as the

required variables needed
to compute attitude or
direction information.
[Figure 10-98]
Other Attitude and
Directional Systems
• Modern uçakta, durum yön ve referans sistemleri (Attitude Heading and
Reference Systems - AHRS) jiroskop ve diğer enstrumanların yerini
almıştır.
• MEMS cihazları sistemin durum bilgisinin ölçüm değerini sağlar.
• GPS, solid state manyetometreler, solid state accelerometreler, ve dijital
air data sinyallerinin hepsi hesaplanmak üzere bir AHRS’de toplanır.
• Hesaplanan bilgi
kokpit panelindeki
ekran için son derece
güvenilir bir çıkış
oluşturur.

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Principles of Gyroscopic

• Stated another way, an applied force to the

• They can be input as the

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