Ankit Kumar

CNC/IPC/15
Summary Report
 CNC MACHINE

CNC stands for Computer Numerical Control.

CNC machining is a manufacturing process in
which pre-programmed computer software
dictates the movement of factory tools and
machinery.

NEED FOR CNC

 For increased productivity.

 For greater efficiency.
 For high accuracy.
 Takes less time and money.
 Safe and easy to use.
Types of CNC machines

⚫ Conventional CNC Machines

⚫ Non conventional CNC Machines
⚫ Based on no. of axis
Conventional CNC Machines
⚫ CNC Turning Machines
⚫ CNC Milling Machines
⚫ CNC Turn Mill
⚫ CNC Router
Conventional CNC Machines
CNC Turning Machine

1. Material is rotated during cutting operation and

tool is fixed.
2. Program in the form of G-codes and M-codes.
3. Majorly single point cutting tool is used.
Conventional CNC Machines
CNC Milling Machine
1.Material is fixed and tool is moving.
2. Majorly multi point cutting tool is used.
3.Program in the form of G-codes and M-codes.
Types
• Horizontal Milling
Machine
• Vertical Milling Machine
Conventional CNC Machines
CNC Turn Mill
1. Combination of turning and milling machines.
2. Typically recognizable as a horizontal or vertical
lathe, with spindle for milling and drilling.
Conventional CNC Machines
CNC Router
1. Special purpose machine.
2. Used to cut and engrave on wood , metal or plastic.
3. Ensure part repeatability and sufficient factory
output.
CNC Non-conventional Machine
CNC Plasma
1. Used to cut materials.
2. Cutting operation by using torch.
3. Cutting 2-D profile shapes into sheet metal.
CNC Non-conventional Machine
Laser Machine
1. Following the same principle as plasma cutter , use a
powerful laser for the cutting.
2. Laser offer a higher level of cutting accuracy.
3. It provides a better surface finish.
CNC Non-conventional Machine
Electro Discharge Machine
1. Also known as CNC spark machine.
2. Special purpose machine that uses electrical spark to
get desired shapes.
3. No physical contact b/w work piece and tool.
4. Mostly used in tool and die industry.
CNC Non-conventional Machine
Water Jet
1. High pressure jet , with an added abrasive ,is used to
cut a variety of materials.
2. Most water jet CNC machines are 2-axis and cut a
profile.
3. Can cut through plastics , metal , stone and
granite.
 Based on no. of
axis
1. 3-axes CNC machines.
2. 4-axes CNC machines.
3. 5-axes CNC machines.
 Applications
⚫ Machine tool manufacturing.
⚫ Aerospace industry.
⚫ Defence manufacturing.
⚫ Medical industry.
⚫ Precision making.
⚫ Oil and gas industry.
⚫ Automatic industry.
⚫ Tool and die industry.
Elements of CNC
Machine

⚫ Input device
⚫ Part program
⚫ Machine Control Unit
(MCU)
⚫ Machine tool
⚫ Driving system
⚫ Feedback system
⚫ Display unit
⚫ CNC controllers
 Input Devices :
1. Devices used to provide the input to CNC machine.
2. Like computer or USB drive.

Part Program :
3. Series of coded instructions , required to produce the
part.
4. Control the movement of machine tool.
5. Code composed of letter , numbers and symbols.
Display Unit :
• Used to display the output.

CNC Controllers :
• Use to control speed and motion of CNC machines.

Machine Tools :
1. Makes contact with the
work piece
2. Used to remove material.
 Machine Control Unit (MCU) :
1. Heart of CNC machine.
2. Read the coding instruction and send the proper
instruction to every part of the machine.
 Feedback System :
1. Also known as measuring system.
2. Uses position and speed transducers to continuously
monitor the position at which the cutting tool is
located at any particular instant of time.
Types
• Open loop feedback system
• Closed loop feedback system
Turning Machine Components

1. The Foundation
2. Bed
3. Headstock
4. Tailstock
5. Saddle
6. Cross slide
7. Carriage
8. Chuck
9. Tool Turret
10. Control Panel
 Cutting Terminology
Cutting Motion :
• It is the rotational motion of work piece which is provided by
machine through spindle.
Feed Motion :
• It is the motion of tool is drawn along the rotating work piece to
create to required surface.
Depth of Cut :
• It is the material removed by tool in a single pass.
 Turning Process

Machining Feed Direction Resulting Machine

Position Surface

OD Turning Axial Round Turning

Axial Turning
ID Turning Radial Round
Radial Turning
Turning
Radial Facing
Axial Facing
Radial Cutting off
Thread Single
pointing
Thread Chasing
 Tooling

1. High Speed
Steel
2.
Carbid
e
3. Index
able Tools Clamping
isert System

1. Lever Lock
Clamp
2. Screw Clamp
3. Wedge lock
system
 Types of Tool

Based on tool direction Based on Machine

Surface

1. Right hand OD
1. Right Hand Type turning
2. Left Hand Type 2. Left hand OD
3. Neutral Type turning
3. Right hand
grooving
4. Right hand
Threading
5. Right hand
ID
turning
tool
Engineering Drawing
⚫ Graphical language that communicates ideas and information for one mind to
another.
⚫ Have all information related to manufacturing.
Important things needed for Engineering Drawing
Sheet Size

Title Block

Reading the Views

Annotations

Symbols
 Basics in CNC

Motion in Co-ordinate
Planes Machine Offset
CNC system

1. Point to
1. Absolute
point
2. Incremental 1. Work Offset
motion
3. Polar 2. Tool Offset
2. Line motion
3. Wear Offset
3. Path control
 Programming Terminology
⚫ Geometry Codes (G-codes) :
• Programming Codes
• Control the movement of machine
• Set tool information such as offset

Codes Explanation
G00 Positioning in rapid mode
G01 Linear Interpolation
G02 Circular interpolation- clockwise
G03 Circular interpolation- anti clockwise
G91 Incremental dimension mode
G90 Absolute dimensioning mode
G70 Inch dimension input
G71 Metric dimension input
G94 Feed rate in mm/min
G95 Feed rate in mm/rev
⚫ M-Codes
• These are miscellaneous function and an auxiliary command.
• These are call for machine functions.

Codes Explanation
M03 Spindle ON (clock wise)
M02 Spindle ON (anti clockwise)
M05 Spindle Stop
M06 Tool change
M08 Coolant ON
M09 Coolant OFF
M30 End of program
 Example :
DIA 25 AND DIA 20 BY USING TOOL1
DIA 18 AND DIA 15 BY USING TOOL 2
G90 G71 G95
M03 S1000
G75 X0 Z0
M08
M06 T01
G00 X27 Z0
G01 X0 Z0 F40
G01 X0 Z2
F40 G00 X25
Z2
G01 X25 Z-70
F40
G01 X27 Z-70 F40
G00 X27 Z2
G00 X20 Z2
G01 X20 Z-50 F40
G01 X27 Z-50
F40 G75 X0 Z0
M06 T02
G00 X18 Z2
G01 X18 Z-30 F40
G01 X27 Z-30
F40 G00 X27 Z2
G00 X15 Z2
G01 X15 Z-10 F40
G01 X27 Z-10
F40 G75 X0 Z0
M05
M09
 MILLING FUNDAMENTALS
⚫ Milling :
A type of machining operation in which work piece is fixed and tool is rotated
to give the desired cut and shape.In these machine multi point cutting tool is
mostly used.

Types :
• Horizontal milling machine – position of spindle is horizontal
• Vertical milling machine – position of spindle is vertical
 CNC Milling Machine Parts
1.The foundation or platform
2. Base
3. Column
4. Worktable
5. Headstock
6. Control panel
7. Saddle
 Milling Processes

Direction of
Location of rotation &
cutting feed direction

End Peripheral End

milling milling peripheral Climb Conventional
milling milling
milling

Resulting
Machining Surface

Face Circular Profile Contour

milling
milling milling milling
 Milling Cutters
• Shank type milling cutter
Shank and cutting edge are in a single piece.

• Arbor type milling cutter

Milling cutters without their own shank referred to as arbor type milling
cutters.
Milling Tool Holders

Shrink Fit Holder

End mill/Face
mill

Arbor type

Collect chuck

Hydraulic
Chuck

Tap holder
Example :
 SINUMERIK 808 D

Spindle speed
regulator

Emergency Feed Control

Stop Button Regulator
 TURNING MACHINE

DRILLING
TURNING CONTOUR
 Turning

Stock Cutoff
Removal
Groove Thread

Under Cut
 CYCLE 95- Stock Removal

Stock removal is the process of removing material

from a work piece.

NPP – Name of contour subroutine

MID – In feed depth(without sign)
FALZ – Finishing allowance in longitudinal axis(without
sign)
FALX – Finishing allowance in the facing axis (without
sign)
FAL – Finishing allowance suitable for contour(without
sign)
FF1 – Feed rate for roughing without relief cut
FF2 – Feed rate for plunging into relief cut element
FF3 – Feed rate for finishing
VARI - Machining type
DT – Dwell time for chip breaking when roughing
DAM – Path length after which each roughing step is
interrupted
_VRT – Retract path from contour , Incremental
CYCLE 93 - Groove
A process of forming a narrow cavity of a
certain depth, on a cylinder, cone, or a face
of the part.
SPD – Starting point in facing axis
SPL – Starting point in longitudinal axis
WIDG – Groove width (without sign)
DIAG – Groove depth(without sign)
STA1 – Angle b/w contour and longitudinal axis
ANG1 – Flank angle 1: on the groove side determined by
the starting point
ANG2 - Flank angle 2 : on the other side
RCO1 – Radius/chamfer 1 externally : on the side
determined by the starting point
RCO2 – radius/chamfer 2
RCI1 – radius/chamfer 1 internally : on the starting point
side
RCI2 – radius/chamfer 2 internally
FAL1 – Finishing allowance on groove base
FAL2 – Finishing allowance on the flanks
IDEP – in feed depth(without sign)
DTB – Dwell time at the groove bottom
VARI – Machining type
_VRT – Variable retraction path for grooving
 Under Cut  Undercut is a special type of recessed surface
that is inaccessible using a straight tool.

CYCLE 94 Form E,F

SPD – Starting point

along the facing axis
SPL – Starting point along
longitudinal axis
FORM - definition of form
VARI – undercut position
CYCLE 96 Form A,B,C,D

DIATH – nominal diameter

SPL – starting point along
longitudinal axis
FORM – Definition of form
VARI – undercut position
 CYCLE 99 Threading Threading is an operation that uses a single-point tool to
produce a thread form on a cylinder or cone. The tool
moves linearly while the precise rotation of the work piece
determines the lead of the thread.

SPL - Thread starting point along long. axis

DM1 – Diameter of thread at starting point
FPL – thread end point along long. axis
DM2 – Diameter of thread at end point
APP – run in path(without sign)
ROP – run out path (without sign)
TDEP – thread depth(without sign)
FAL – finishing allowance (without sign)
IANG – in feed angle(with sign)
NSP – starting point offset first thread
NRC – number of roughing cuts
NID – number of non cuts
PIT – thread pitch value
VARI – outside, inside - feed
NUMTH - number of threads
_VRT – variable retraction path for thread cutting
PSYS – no modification of the internal parameters

Thread long.
 It is the operation of cutting a piece off by slicing a
CYCLE 92 Cutoff groove all the way through it with a special parting
or cutoff tool.

SPD – starting point along facing axis

SPL – starting point axis along longitudinal axis
DIAG1 – depth of speed reduction , absolute
DIAG2 – final cut-off depth , absolute
RC – rounding radius or chamfer width
SDIS – safety distance (without sign)
SV1 – constant cutting speed
SV2 – max. speed at constant cutting speed
SDAC - Direction of spindle rotation
FF1 – feed to depth for speed reduction
FF2 – reduced feed up to final depth , mm/rev
SS2 – reduced speed up to final depth
PSYS – no modification of internal parameters
VARI – 0 = retraction , 1 = no retraction
AMODE – radius/chamfer 10000 = radius , 11000 =
chamfer
 Drilling
Drilling Threading
Centering

Center Drilling Boring

Deep hole drilling

 CYCLE 81 Drilling
Centering

 A small twist drill used to make centers in a

piece of work about to be turned.

RTP – retract plane , absolute

RFP – reference plane , absolute
SDIS – safety distance , without sign
DP – final drilling depth , absolute
DPR – final drilling depth relative to
reference plane
 Center Drilling
A center drill is used for drilling
CYCLE 82 Center Drilling a hole on the axis of a shaft to
hold it between centers.
RTP – Retract plane , absolute
RFP – Reference plane , absolute
SDIS – Safety distance , without sign
DP – final drilling depth
DPR – final drilling depth relative to reference plane
DTB – dwell at drilling depth
Reaming is a process of enlarging
CYCLE 85 Ream 1 the previously drilled holes in the
work piece.

RTP – Retract plane(absolute)

RFP – Reference plane (absolute)
SDIS – safety distance , without sign
DP – Final drilling depth (absolute)
DPR – Final drilling depth relative to reference plane
DTB – Dwell at drilling depth
FFR – feed rate
RFF – Retraction feed rate
CYCLE 83 Deep Hole Drilling

RTP – retract plane , absolute

RFP – reference plane , absolute
SDIS – safety distance , without sign
DP – final drilling depth , absolute
DPR – final drilling depth relative to reference plane
FDEP – drilling depth 1 , absolute
FDPR – drilling depth 1 relative to reference plane
DAM – degression amount without sign
DTB – dwell at drilling depth
DTS – dwell at starting point
FRF – feed rate factor for first drilling depth
VARI – machining type 0= chip breaking , 1= stock removal
AXN – tool axis
MDEP – min. drilling depth
VRT – variable return path with chip breakage
DTD – dwell at drilling depth , chip breaking
DIS1 – lead distance at reinsertion , inc.
CYCLE 86 Boring

The boring operation is equivalent to

turning, but is performed exclusively on
internal surfaces. It is used for roughing
semi-finishing, or finishing of castings or
drilled holes

RTP – Retract plane , absolute

RFP – Reference plane , absolute
SDIS – Safety distance (without sign)
DP – Final drilling depth , absolute
DPR – final drilling depth relative to reference plane
DTB – Dwell at drilling depth , chip breaking
SDIR – Direction of rotation
RPA – retraction path in the first axis of plane
PSYS – no modification in internal parameters
RPAP – Retraction path in drilling axis
POSS – Spindle position for oriented spindle stop
 CYCLE 84 Rigid Tapping
This cycle rotates the spindle clockwise to tap a
pre-drilled hole; when the bottom of the hole is
reached, the spindle rotates in the reverse
direction and exits the hole.

RTP – Retract plane , absolute

RFP – reference plane , absolute
SDIS – Safety distance , without sign
DP – Final drilling depth , absolute
DPR – Final drilling depth relative to ref. plane
DTB – Dwell at drilling depth
SDAC – Direction of rotation
MPIT – thread lead as thread size
PIT – thread lead as thread value
POSS – spindle position for oriented spindle stop
SST – Speed for tapping
SST1 – speed for retraction
AXN – tool axis
PSYS – no modification in internal parameters
DAM – incremental drilling depth
VRT – Variable return path with chip breakage
 Operation that are
CONTOUR CYCLE performed

Moving in x-
direction

Moving in z-
direction

For taper
turning

For Creating
circular profile

For chamfer or radius

profile
Tool Holder Designation in Turning Machine

P = hole clamping
C = diamond 80
L = straight shank 30
N = 0 degree
L = left
M = 150mm
 Insert Designation in Turning Machine

Insert Shapes

C = diamond 80
N = 0 degree
M = +-0.002
G = clamp on with
chip breaker
 Turning Operation Calculation

N = rpm Vc =∏DN/1000
F = feed (mm/rev)
D = diameter of work piece
Vc = cutting velocity N = Vc1000/∏D

Milling Operation Calculations

Two types of feed

1. Fz = feed per tooth(mm)
2. F = feed in (mm/min)

Relation b/w Fz and F

F = Fz*N*Z N = rpm
Z = no. of inserts
Fz = feed per insert