CHAPTER ONE

OVERVIEW OF THE INTERNET AND WWW

Outline:
• Computer program, programming language, Programming and the
• Web, hypertext, www, HTML, Programming Scripting
• Client/Server Model , Universal Addressing (TCP/IP, DNS), Universal
• Protocols (HTTP, URLs, HTML, FTP)
• A computer program is a set of instructions that is used as a process of
creating a software program by using programming language.

• A programming language is a set of commands, instructions, and other

syntax use to create a software program.

• Programming refers to writing a computer program, a set of instructions

that a computer executes to get the required result.
• Web development is the process of creating any web application or
website.
• Programming and web development describe similar areas of expertise
but are not the same.
• Web programming refers to the writing, markup and coding involved in
Web development, which includes Web content, Web client and server
scripting and network security.
• The most common languages used for Web programming are XML,
HTML, JavaScript, Perl 5 and PHP.
Types of programming languages based on different aspects of web
development
• In web development, there are three possible career options that you can
choose: Front-end development, Back-end development, and Fullstack
development.
1. Front-end Development
• Front-end development is the process of developing the facade of the website,
the part that a user sees and interacts with.

• Technologies used in front-end development are HTML (the markup

language), CSS (the styling tool) and JavaScript (programming language).
• HTML makes the skeleton of your website.

• CSS is used to style your website.

It is concerned with the overall appearance of the website such as its
fonts, colour schemes, and other elements.

• JavaScript is a high-level programming language that gives additional

functionality to your website.
• In other words, you can create a button using HTML tags and design it
with CSS.
But it is JavaScript that determines what the button should do, and
where it should take the users.
• As a front-end developer, you may either receive designs from web
designers or be required to create them on your own.
2. Back-end Development:

• Back-end development involves creating the website’s logistics; basically,

things that happen behind the scenes. 

• For example, if you are running a restaurant the dining area is your front
end and the kitchen is your back end. You don’t want everyone to see
what’s going on in the kitchen. 

• Nodejs, Python, PHP, etc. are some of the main programming languages
that are used to create the back end of your website.
3. Full-stack Development

• As full-stack developers, you are required to create both the front end and
back end of the website.

• To be a full stack developer you need to master programming, database

handling, API management, and security management.
 Overview of the Internet

Internet is defined as an Information super Highway, to access information

over the web.
However, It can be defined in many ways as follows:
• Internet is a world-wide global system of interconnected computer networks.
• Internet uses the standard Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).
• Every computer in internet is identified by a unique IP address.
• IP Address is a unique set of numbers (such as 110.22.33.114) which
identifies a computer location.
 Overview of the Internet
• A special computer DNS (Domain(Distributed) Name Server) is used to give
name to the IP Address so that user can locate a computer by a name.

• For example, a DNS server will resolve a

name http://www.tutorialspoint.com to a particular IP address to uniquely
identify the computer on which this website is hosted.
Internet is accessible to every user all over the world.
Evolution
• The concept of Internet was originated in 1969
• has undergone several technological & Infrastructural changes as
discussed below:
• The origin of Internet devised from the concept of Advanced Research
Project Agency Network (ARPANET).
• ARPANET was developed by United States Department of Defense.
• Basic purpose of ARPANET was to provide communication among the
various bodies of government.
• Initially, there were only four nodes, formally called Hosts.
• In 1972, the ARPANET spread over the globe with 23 nodes located at
different countries and thus became known as Internet.
• By the time, with invention of new technologies
such as TCP/IP protocols, DNS, WWW, browsers, scripting languages etc.,

Internet provided a medium to publish and access information over the web.
Advantages
Internet covers almost every aspect of life, one can think of. Here, we will discuss some of the advantages of
Internet:
• Internet allows us to communicate with the people sitting at remote locations. There are various apps
available on the wed that uses Internet as a medium for communication. One can find various social
networking sites such as:
• Facebook , Twitter, Yahoo,Google+ etc.
• One can surf for any kind of information over the internet. Information regarding various topics such as
Technology, Health & Science, Social Studies, Geographical Information, Information Technology,
Products etc can be surfed with help of a search engine.
• Apart from communication and source of information, internet also serves a medium for entertainment.
Following are the various modes for entertainment over internet.
• Online Television ,Online Games, Songs, Videos ,Social Networking Apps
• Internet allows us to use many services like:
• Internet Banking , Online Shopping ,Online Ticket Booking , Online Bill Payment
• Data Sharing , E-mail
• Internet provides concept of electronic commerce, that allows the business deals to be conducted on
electronic systems
Disadvantages
However, Internet has proved to be a powerful source of information in almost
every field, yet there exists many disadvantages discussed below:
•There are always chances to loose personal information such as name,
address, credit card number.
Therefore, one should be very careful while sharing such information. One
should use credit cards only through authenticated sites.

•Another disadvantage is the Spamming. Spamming corresponds to the

unwanted e-mails in bulk. These e-mails serve no purpose and lead to
obstruction of entire system.
•Virus can easily be spread to the computers connected to internet. Such virus
attacks may cause your system to crash or your important data may get
deleted.
•There are various websites that do not provide the authenticated information.
This leads to misconception among many people.
 World Wide Web

The World Wide Web (WWW) is combination of all resources and users on the
Internet that are using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).

A broader definition comes from the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C):

"The World Wide Web is the universe of network-accessible information, an

embodiment of human knowledge.“
 World Wide Web
The Web, as it's commonly known, is often confused with the Internet.
Although the two are intricately connected, they are different things.

o The internet is, as its name implies, a network -- a vast, global network that
incorporates a multitude of lesser networks.

o As such, the internet consists of supporting infrastructure and other technologies.

In contrast, the Web is a communications model that, through HTTP, enables the
exchange of information over the internet.
Tim Berners-Lee is the inventor of the Web and the director of the W3C,
the organization that oversees its development.

Berners-Lee developed hypertext, the method of instant cross-referencing

that supports communications on the Web, making it easy to link content on
one web page to content located elsewhere.

In 1989, Berners-Lee began work on the first World Wide Web server at 
CERN.
He called the server "httpd(Hypertext Transfer Protocol daemon )” and
dubbed the first client "WWW.”
o The World Wide Web has been widely available since 1991
Client-server architecture
• Client Server Architecture is a computing model in which the server
hosts, delivers and manages most of the resources and services to be
consumed by the client.

• This type of architecture has one or more client computers connected

to a central server over a network or internet connection.
• This system shares computing resources. 
• Client/server architecture is also known as a networking computing
model or client/server network because all the requests and services
are delivered over a network.
Client-server architecture is an architecture of a computer network in
which many clients (remote processors) request and receive service from
a centralized server (host computer).

Client computers provide an interface to allow a computer user to

request services of the server and to display the results the server
returns. 
Servers wait for requests to arrive from clients and then respond to them.
This computing model is especially effective when clients and the server
each have distinct tasks that they routinely perform.

In hospital data processing, for example, a client computer can be running

an application program for entering patient information while the server
computer is running another program that manages the database in which
the information is permanently stored.

Many clients can access the server’s information simultaneously, and, at

the same time, a client computer can perform other tasks, such as sending
e-mail.
Three-tier Client Server Architecture:
• The traditional client/server architecture
involves two levels, a client level and a
server level.
• Another common design of client/server
systems uses three tiers:
A client that interacts with the user
An application server that contains the
business logic of the application
A resource manager that stores data
 How the Web works?
On the simplest level, the Web physically consists of the following components
Your personal computer − This is the PC at which you sit to see the web.
• A Web browser − A software installed on your PC which helps you to
browse the Web.
• An internet connection − This is provided by an ISP and connects you to the
internet to reach to any Website.
• A Web server − This is the computer on which a website is hosted.
• Routers & Switches − They are the combination of software and hardware
who take your request and pass to appropriate Web server.
• The Web is known as a client-server system.
• Your computer is the client and the remote computers that store electronic files are the
servers.
 Computers connected to the web are called clients and servers. A
simplified diagram of how they interact might look like this:
•Clients are the typical web user's internet-connected
devices (for example, your computer connected to your
Wi-Fi, or your phone connected to your mobile
network) and
web-accessing software available on those devices
(usually a web browser like Firefox or Chrome).

•Servers are computers that store webpages, sites, or

apps.

•When a client device wants to access a webpage, a

copy of the webpage is downloaded from the server
onto the client machine to be displayed in the user's web
browser.
How the Web Works: detail

• When you enter something like Google.com the request goes to one of many

special computers on the Internet known as Domain Name Servers (DNS).
• All these requests are routed through various routers and switches.
• The domain name servers keep tables of machine names and their IP addresses,
so when you type in Google.com it gets translated into a number, which identifies
the computers that serve the Google Website to you.
• When you want to view any page on the Web, you must initiate the activity by
requesting a page using your browser.
• The browser asks a domain name server to translate the domain name you
requested into an IP address.
• The browser then sends a request to that server for the page you want, using a
standard called Hypertext Transfer Protocol or HTTP.
• The server should constantly be connected to the Internet, ready to serve pages to
visitors.
• When it receives a request, it looks for the requested document and returns it to
the Web browser.
• When a request is made, the server usually logs the client's IP address, the
document requested, and the date and time it was requested. This information
varies server to server.
• An average Web page actually requires the Web browser to request more than one
file from the Web server and not just the HTML / XHTML page, but also any
images, style sheets, and other resources used in the web page.

• Each of these files including the main page needs a URL to identify each item.
Then each item is sent by the Web server to the Web browser and Web browser
collects all this information and displays them in the form of Web page.
 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP
1.0/HTTP 1.1/secure HTTP)
• HTTP stands for hypertext transfer protocol, and it is the basis for almost
all web applications.
• HTTP is the method computers and servers use to request and send
information.
• For instance, when someone navigates to cloudflare.com on their laptop,
their web browser sends an HTTP request to the Cloudflare servers for the
content that appears on the page.
• Then, Cloudflare servers send HTTP responses with the text, images, and
formatting that the browser displays to the user.
• The first usable version of HTTP was created in 1997.
- Because it went through several stages of development, this first version of HTTP was called
HTTP/1.1.
-This version is still in use on the web.
• In 2015, a new version of HTTP called HTTP/2 was created.
• HTTP/2 solves several problems that the creators of HTTP/1.1 did not anticipate.

• In particular, HTTP/2 is much faster and more efficient than HTTP/1.1.

• One of the ways in which HTTP/2 is faster is in how it prioritizes content during the loading process.

• HTTP/2 achieves faster webpage loading without performance optimizations that require extensive
human efforts in terms of development.
• It significantly reduces the complexities that had crept into HTTP/1.1 and gives us a robust protocol
which, though not without its flaws, will perhaps stand the test of time.
 What is HTTPS?
• Hypertext transfer protocol secure (HTTPS) is the secure version of HTTP,
which is the primary protocol used to send data between a web browser and a
website.
• HTTPS is encrypted in order to increase security of data transfer.
• This is particularly important when users transmit sensitive data, such as by
logging into a bank account, email service, or health insurance provider.
• Any website, especially those that require login credentials, should use HTTPS.
• In modern web browsers such as Chrome, websites that do not use HTTPS are
marked differently than those that are.
• Look for a green padlock in the URL bar to signify the webpage is secure.
• Web browsers take HTTPS seriously; 
Google Chrome and other browsers flag all non-HTTPS websites as not secure.
 Other Web protocols (FTP, SMTP…)
FTP
• FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol.
• It is used to send/receive file from the remote computer.
• It is defined in RFC959.
• FTP establishes two connections between client system and server system, one for control
information and the other for data to be transferred.
• Control information carry commands/response.
• Authentication need to be done initially by way of validating username and password.
• Once it is done files can be transferred between two systems.
• FTP handles both binary and text format files.
SMTP stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.
• SMTP provides a protocol for two computers to exchange electronic mail
using a TCP connection.

• In other words, it is the protocol used by e-mail servers to forward messages

across the TCP/IP network.
• The client computer which usually initiates the e-mail message uses the
SMTP to send the e-mail to the local server delivery.

• It is defined in RFC821,RFC822 and RFC974.

• As mentioned SMTP communicates with the network via TCPIP protocol

stack.
Thank you!
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