Automation in Manufacturing Seminar

MICROPROCESSOR
TECHNOLOGY

Presented by:
Presented to: Ankit Singh
Dr. Mohammad Taufik
M.Tech, Automation & Robotics
Scholar No.- 222116605
Assignment2 222116605 1
 Contents

• Microprocessor Technology • Electric drives

1. Definition of Microprocessor
1. Application
2. Types
3. CISC vs RISC
2. Block diagram
4. Definition of ucontroller 3. Power Supply
5. Uprocessor Vs ucontroller 4. Power Modulator
6. Elements of ucontroller 5. Motor
7. Types of ucontroller
6. Motor Classification chart
8. Application
7. Working Animation
9. Various ucontroller in market
8. Control, Sensing, And Load
• DAQ – Data Acquisition system
9. Servo drive motor control
1. Definition
2. Analog and Digital 10. Advantages of Drives
3. Signal conditioning unit 11. Disadvantages
4. Multiplexer 12. 4-quadrant operation of ED
5. A/D converter 13. Applications of Quadrant operation
6. Recorder/Display Devices
7. Objective of DAS
8. Application of DAQ • References

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What is microprocessor?
• A microprocessor is a computer processor where the data processing logic and
control is included on a single integrated circuit (IC), or a small number of ICs. The
microprocessor contains the arithmetic, logic, and control circuitry required to
perform the functions of a computer's central processing unit (CPU).

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Source:-https://www.atg.world/view-article/Microprocessor%20%20its%20Tpes-26308/microprocessor-its-types

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Types of Microprocessor:

*CISC-Complex Instruction Set Microprocessors

*RISC-Reduced Instruction Set Microprocessor
* ASIC- Application Specific Integrated Circuit
*Superscalar Processors
*DSP’s-Digital Signal Microprocessors.

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 CISC Vs RISC [6]

Complex Instruction Set

Microprocessors: Reduced Instruction Set Microprocessor:
• The quick time period of Complex Instruction Set The short time period of Reduced Instruction
Microprocessors is CISM and that they classify a
microprocessor in which orders may be achieved
Set Microprocessor is RISC. These varieties of
collectively in conjunction with other low stage processors are made in keeping with the feature
sports. wherein the microprocessor can perform small
• These styles of processors performs the different things in particular command. In this way
obligations like: those processors completes more instructions
• downloading, at a faster pace.
• uploading,
• recalling facts into the memory card
• and recalling information from the reminiscence
card.
• Apart from these obligations, it additionally does
complicated mathematical calculations in a single
command.

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Assignment2 222116605 7
What is microcontroller?[1]
• Short Notation as- MC, UC, or μC

• A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit designed to govern a specific operation in an

embedded system. A typical microcontroller includes a processor, memory and input/output (I/O)
peripherals on a single chip.
• A microcontroller is a small computer on a single VLSI integrated circuit (IC) chip. A
microcontroller contains one or more CPUs (processor cores) along with memory and
programmable input/output peripherals. Program memory in the form of ferroelectric RAM, NOR
flash or OTP ROM is also often included on chip, as well as a small amount of RAM.
Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications, in contrast to the microprocessors
used in personal computers or other general purpose applications.

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 Microprocessor Vs Microcontrollers
Microprocessor Microcontroller
• It’s a part of a computer system • It’s a part of an embedded system.
• Memory and I/O components are • Memory and I/O components are
connected Externally. connected Internally.
• It can’t be used in compact systems • It can be used in compact systems.
• Entire cost is High. • Entire cost is Low.
• They can run at High speed. • They run upto 200MHz or more.
• They are used for general purpose • They are used for application
applications. Specific purposes.
• It is based on the Von Neuman
Architecture • It is based on Harvard architecture.

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 What are the elements of a microcontroller? 
1. The Central Processing Unit (CPU)
2. The Random-Access Memory (RAM)
3. The Read-Only Memory (ROM)
4. The Input/Output Ports (I/O Ports)
5. Internal Oscillator
6. The Electrical Erasable Programmable
Read-Only Memory (EEPROM)

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF 8051 ucontroller

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1. Central Processing Unit (CPU): It is essentially known as the brain of the microcomputer. This element controls and monitors all the processes
taking place inside the microcontroller unit (MCU). It’s responsible for the reading and execution of all arithmetic and mathematical functions that
have been performed.

2. Random-Access Memory (RAM): It is a temporary storage memory that stores information only when the power is on. It helps to run and
calculate the programs which the MCU is told to execute. It is continually overwritten while in use.

3. Read-Only Memory (ROM): It is a pre-written permanent storage memory that can work even when the power is off. It essentially instructs the
microcontroller on how to execute its calculation and programs when asked.

4. Input/Output Ports (I/O Ports): The I/O ports consist of one or more communications ports, typically in the form of connective pins. They
permit the MCU to be connected to other components and circuits for the flow of input/output data signals and power supply.

5. Internal Oscillator: Also known as the main timer of the MCU. The Internal Oscillator functions as the microcontroller’s core clock and
controls the execution rhythms of its internal processes. Similarly, any other kind of timer keeps track of your time because it elapses during a
given process, and helps the MCU to start and end specific functions at specified intervals.

6. The Electrical Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM): It is a kind of non-volatile memory used by MCU. Electrical
Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory stores amounts of data and information by allowing individual bytes to be erased and reprogrammed.

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Other supporting elements include:
1. Analog to Digital Converter (ADC): This is a single used to convert analog signals to digital signals. It permits the processor of the MCU to
interface with external analog devices, for example – sensors. It can be used for various digital applications, e.g. measurement devices.

2. Digital to Analog Converter (DAC): This is the reverse of ADC that means converts digital signals to analog signals and permits the processor
of the MCU to communicate its outgoing signals to external analog components. It is usually used for controlling analog devices like DC motors,
various drives, etc.

 3. System bus: It is a connective wire that connects all the components of the microcontroller.

 4. Serial Port: It is an example of I/O ports that permits the microcontroller to connect to external components. It is similar to USB but differs in
the way it exchanges bits. 

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 Types of Microcontrollers
Based on Based on
Based on
Based on width Instruction Set Microcontroller
Memory
Architecture Architecture

Harvard
Embedded CISC (Complex
8bit Architecture
memory Instruction Set Microcontroller
Computer)

Von Neumann (or

RISC(Reduced
Princeton)
16 bit External memory Instruction Set
Architecture
Computers)
Microcontroller

32 bit

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 Various Other Types of Microcontrollers used are-

• PIC Microcontroller: Features of PIC Microcontroller are- • ARM Microcontroller: Features of ARM Microcontroller are-
• No internal oscillator • 32-bit RISC processor
• 40 pin IC in DIP packaging with 33 pins available for I/O • energy efficient having higher performance
• Uses external clock up to 20 MHz as there is no internal • Cortex M0 processor that offers low speed at low cost
clock • Based on Harvard architecture 
• Smaller instructions set of 35
• Operating voltage ranges from 4.2v to 5.5v. 
• RENESAS Microcontroller: Features of RENESAS
• 8051 Microcontroller: Features of 8051 Microcontroller Microcontroller are-
are-
• Based on CISC Harvard architecture
• 8bit microcontroller available in 40 pin DIP
• 8-bit & 16-bit microcontroller whereas RX is a 32-bit
• 4Kb on-chip programmable ROM for storing program code microcontroller
• 128 bytes on-chip RAM for temporary data storage • Low power microcontroller is RL78 while RX offers high
• 40 pin IC in DIP packaging with 32 pins available for I/O  performance & efficiency
• AVR Microcontroller: Features of AVR Microcontroller are- • RX family RAM ranges in the form of 2KB to 128KB 
• Having an internal oscillator of 8MHz
• 1Kb on-chip programmable ROM for storing program code
• 32Kb on-chip RAM for temporary data storage
• 4 PWM channels for generating pulses
• It contains three timers which include two 8-bit timers & one
16-bit timer. 

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 Applications of microcontroller[4]
• remote controls appliances
• toys
• and many more embedded systems.

• implantable medical devices

• automobile engine control systems
• office machines
• embedded systems.

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 Application of Microcontrollers
• Consumer Electronics Products – Any automatic home appliance like Robots, Toys,
Cameras, Washing machines, Microwave Ovens, etc.
• Instrumentation and Process Control – Multimeter, Leakage Current Tester,
Oscilloscopes, Data Acquisition and Control, etc.
• Fire Detection – Security alarm, Safety devices, etc.
• Medical Instruments – Medical machines like ECG, Accu-Chek, etc.
• Communication technology – Telephone Sets, Cell Phones, Answering Machines,
etc.
• Multimedia Application – Mp3 Player, PDAs, etc.
• Office Machines – Fax machine, Printers, etc.
• Automobile – Auto-braking system, Speedometer, etc. 
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Microcontrollers/processors

Data acquisition System

Electric Drives

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Various types of microcontrollers available in
market [3]

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 Data acquisition system (DAS)[2]
• The data acquisition system (DAS) is an information system that collects, stores and distributes
information[7].
• It is used in industrial and commercial electronics and environmental and scientific equipment to capture
electric signals or environmental conditions on a computer device. plays an important role in any monitoring
system and is used to collect data from different sensors of a system. Then, this data is digitalized for storage
and the DAS sends data to the control center for processing and presentation [2]. The basic scheme of DAS is
illustrated in Fig.

Physical
Signal Analog-digital
System(Analog Sensor conditioning converter
signal)
Data
processin
g
Associated
Transmission Storage Data Handling multiplexing
and Display devices

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Assignment2 222116605 20
 ANALOG VS DIGITAL
DAS/DAQ
analog data acquisition systems.

Transducer − It Signal conditioner − It Graphic recording Magnetic tape

Display device − It
converts physical performs the functions
like amplification and
displays the input
instruments − These
can be used to make
instrumentation − It is
used for acquiring,
quantities into selection of desired
signals for monitoring
purpose.
the record of input storing & reproducing
portion of the signal. data permanently. of input data.
electrical signals.

• Acquisition of analog signals

• Conversion of analog signals into digital signals
Mainly, the
following operations 
or digital data
take place in digital • Processing of digital signals or digital data
data acquisition.

digital data acquisition systems.

Transducer − It Signal conditioner − It Multiplexer − connects Analog to Digital

converts physical performs the functions
like amplification and
one of the multiple
inputs to output. So, it
Converter − It converts
the analog input into its
Display device − It
displays the data in
quantities into selection of desired acts as parallel to serial equivalent digital digital format.
portion of the signal. converter. output.
electrical signals.
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Signal Conditioning unit
• Output signals of the transducers/Sensors are very weak signals which cannot be used for further processing.
• In Order to make the signals strong, various signal conditioners are used.
1. Input Coupling- Use AC coupling when the signal contains a large DC component. If you enable AC coupling, you remove the large DC
offset for the input amplifier and amplify only the AC component. This configuration makes effective use of the ADC dynamic range
2. Filters- They are the specialized circuits that are used to filter out necessary signals discarding the rest along with noise.
3. Amplifiers- It is a process of Strengthening the Signal by increasing its Amplitude.
4. Attenuation- Opposite of amplification, is necessary when voltages to be digitized are beyond the ADC range. This form of signal
conditioning decreases the input signal amplitude so that the conditioned signal is within ADC range.
5. Modifiers- It is the second element and its function is to make the incoming signal suitable for application to the indicating device.
For example, the signal may need amplification before it can be properly displayed.
• Excitation- Some sensors require external voltage or current source of excitation, These sensors are called active sensors. (E.g. a temperature sensor
like a thermistor & RTD, a pressure sensor (piezo-resistive and capacitive), etc.). The stability and precision of the excitation signal directly relates to
the sensor accuracy and stability.
• Linearization Linearization is necessary when sensors produce voltage signals that are not linearly related to the physical measurement. Linearization is
the process of interpreting the signal from the sensor and can be done either with signal conditioning or through software.
• Electrical isolationSignal isolation may be used to pass the signal from the source to the measuring device without a physical connection. It is often
used to isolate possible sources of signal perturbations that could otherwise follow the electrical path from the sensor to the processing circuitry. In
some situations, it may be important to isolate the potentially expensive equipment used to process the signal after conditioning from the sensor.
• Magnetic or optical isolation can be used. Magnetic isolation transforms the signal from a voltage to a magnetic field so the signal can be transmitted
without physical connection (for example, using a transformer). Optical isolation works by using an electronic signal to modulate a signal encoded by
light transmission (optical encoding). The decoded light transmission is then used for input for the next stage of processing.
• Surge protection A surge protector absorbs voltage spikes to protect the next stage from damage.

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 -
Multiplexer It accept multiple analog inputs and provide a single output signal according to the requirements

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 A/D Converter
• Convert analog data into digital data
• Easy processing
• Easy transmission
• Easy for digital display and storage

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Recorders and Display devices- Data is displayed in
suitable form in order to monitor the input signals.
1. Oscilloscopes
2. Numerical Displays
3. Panel meters.

Data can be either permanently or temporarily stored or recorded by:

• Optical recorders
• UV recorders
• Stylus and ink recorders
• Disc tapes
• Memory cards
• Hard Disk drives

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 Objective of DAQs/DAS
1. It must acquire the necessary data at correct speed.
2. Data should be efficiently utilized so that operator can be informed correctly.
3. It must monitor the complete plant operation to maintain on-line optimum and safe operations.
4. It must be able to summarize and store data for diagnosis of operation and record purpose.
5. It must be flexible and capable of being expanded for future requirements.
6. It must be reliable and not have a down time greater than 0.1%.
7. It must provide an effective human communication system.

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Applications of DAQ/DAS
1. Analog DAS is used when wide frequency width is required or when lower accuracies can be tolerated.
2. Digital DAS is used when physical quantity being monitored has narrow bandwidth and also when high
accuracy and low per channel cost is required.
3. Digital are more complex than analog both in terms of instrumentation involved and the volume and
complexity of data they can handle.
4. Application in Industrial and Scientific areas such as:
1. Aerospace
2. Biomedical
3. Telemetery

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Microcontrollers/processors

DAQ/DAS

Electric Drives

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Electric drives

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 What is an Electric Drive?[9]
• An Electric Drive can be defined as, a system which is used to control the
movement of an electrical machine. This drive employs a prime mover such as a
petrol engine, otherwise diesel, steam turbines otherwise gas, electrical &
hydraulic motors like a main source of energy. These prime movers will supply
the mechanical energy toward the drive for controlling motion
• An electric drive can be built with an electric drive motor as well as a
complicated control system to control the motor’s rotation shaft. At present, the
controlling of this can be done simply using the software. Thus, the controlling
turns into more accurate & this drive concept also offers the ease of utilizing.

• The types of electrical drives are two such as a standard inverter as well as a
servo drive. A standard inverter drive is used to control the torque & speed. A
servo drive is used to control the torque as well as speed, and also components of
the positioning machine utilized within applications that need difficult motion.

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Applications of Electric Drives
• Air conditioners
• Washing machines
• Electric Vehicles
• Locomotives
• Industrial Applications- Steel Rolling Mills, Textile Mills
Any application that requires Motion control

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Block Diagram of Electrical Drives

AC/DC

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1. POWER Supply

AC Power Supply :- DC Power Supply

• 1 phase/3 phase 50Hz/60Hz • Solar Power of suitable
• For low and Medium Power Drives- voltage/power
• 400V, 3 phase, 50Hz (india)
• 230V. 1-phase, 50Hz • Battery of Suitable Voltage/ Ah
• High Power Drives- 3.3kV, 6.6kV, 11kV to meet the load requirement.
• For Aircraft AC power supplies- 400Hz
power supply (because magnetic
instruments can be minimized)
• For Electric Traction/Locomotives
( 25kV, 50Hz, 1-phase)

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2. Power Modulators
• DC-DC converters- Choppers( Step-up, Step-down, both)
• AC-DC converters- Diode rectifiers.
• AC- variable DC : Half controlled rectifiers, Full controlled rectifiers,
transformers with tapchanger+diode rectifier, Diode rectifier+DC-DC
converters/choppers.
• DC-AC converters(Inverters):-
• Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)
• Current Source Inverter(CSI)
• AC-AC converters:-
• AC voltage regulators (Fixed frequency fixed volt to fixed frequency to variable voltage. Eg.
Triac)
• Cycloconverters (Fixed Frequency fixed voltage to variable frequency variable voltage)

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Assignment2 222116605 35
 3. MOTOR

• DC MOTORS- Shunt/Seperately excited motors, Series, Compound,

Permanent magnet motor.

• AC Motors-
• Induction Motor- Squirrel Cage, Slip ring/wound rotor, linear motor
• Synchronous Motor- Wound Field, Permanent Magnet Sync. Motors

• Special Motors- Brushless DC motors, Stepper Motor, Switched

Reluctance Motor

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Assignment2 222116605 37
Construction and Working of Motors

Working Animation
• Animation Video for Rotating Ma
chines

• Working principle:
• Principle of Electromagnetic
Induction
• Lenz law

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 5. Sensing Unit
4. Control Unit
• The sensing unit in the block diagram is used to
• The control unit is mainly used to control the sense the particular drive factor such as speed,
power modulator, and this modulator can operate motor current. This unit is mainly used for the
at power levels as well as small voltage. And it operation of closed loop otherwise protection.
also works the power modulator as preferred.
This unit produces the rules for the safety of the
motor as well as power modulator. The i/p
control signal regulates the drive’s working point
from i/p toward the control unit.
6. Load
• The mechanical load can be decided by the
environment of the industrial process & the
power source can be decided by an available
source at the place. However, we can choose
the other electric components namely electric
motor, controller, & converter.

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 Servo drive motor control
PLC Servo motor control
• A servo drive receives a command signal from a control system, amplifies the signal, and transmits electric current to
a servo motor in order to produce motion proportional to the command signal. Typically, the command signal
represents a desired velocity, but can also represent a desired torque or position. A sensor attached to the servo motor
reports the motor's actual status back to the servo drive. The servo drive then compares the actual motor status with the
commanded motor status. It then alters the voltage, frequency or pulse width to the motor so as to correct for any
deviation from the commanded status.

• In a properly configured control system, the servo motor rotates at a velocity that very closely approximates the
velocity signal being received by the servo drive from the control system.

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Advantage of Electric Drives

1. Electric Vehicles:
• Absence of Mechanical Gear as speed is changed electrically.
2. High efficiency
3. Non-polluting
4. Four-quadrant operation- motoring, braking with reversible speed
5. Wide range of torque, speed and power. (varying from computer fans, induction fans, to AC fans and
Traction Fans).

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Disadvantage of Electric Drives

• The disadvantages of electrical drives include the following.

• This drive cannot be used where the power supply is not accessible.
• The power breakdown totally stops the entire system.
• The primary price of the system is expensive.
• The dynamic response of this drive is poor.
• The drive output power which is obtained is low.
• By using this drive noise pollution can occur.

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Quadrant Operation of Electric Drive
In the I quadrant power developed is positive and the machine
is working as a motor supplying mechanical energy. The I (first)
quadrant operation is called Forward Motoring. II (second)
quadrant operation is known as Braking. In this quadrant, the
direction of rotation is positive, and the torque is negative,
and thus, the machine operates as a generator developing a
negative torque, which opposes the motion.

The kinetic energy of the rotating parts is available as

electrical energy which may be supplied back to the mains. In
dynamic braking, the energy is dissipated in the resistance.
The III (third) quadrant operation is known as the reverse
motoring. The motor works, in the reverse direction. Both the
speed and the torque have negative values while the power is
positive.

In the IV (fourth) quadrant, the torque is positive, and the

speed is negative. This quadrant corresponds to the braking in
the reverse motoring mode.

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Applications of Four Quadrant Operation

• Compressor, pump and fan type load

requires operation in the I quadrant only. As
their operation is unidirectional, they are FunctionQuadrant Speed Torque Power Output
called one quadrant drive systems.
Forward Motoring I + + +
• Transportation drives require operation in
both directions. Forward Braking II + - -
• If regeneration is necessary, application in Reverse Motoring III - - +
all four quadrants may be required. If not, Reverse Braking IV - + -
then the operation is restricted to quadrants This is all about Four-Quadrant operation of DC Motor.
I and III, and thus dynamic braking or
mechanical braking may be required.
• In hoist drives, a four-quadrant operation is
needed

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 References
1. https://www.techtarget.com/iotagenda/definition/microcontroller
2. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/data-acquisition-system
3. https://theengineeringprojects.com
4. https://www.electronicsandcommunications.com/2021/04/applications-of-microcontrollers.ht
ml
5. http://www.learningaboutelectronics.com/Articles/Atmega328-pinout.php
6. https://www.atg.world/view-article/Microprocessor%20%20its%20Tpes-26308/microprocessor
-its-types
7. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TPowbUhf0_Q
8. Nptel lecture on Fundamentals of Electric Drives by Prof. Shyama Prasad Das, EE, IIT Kanpur.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1AT1yuQ9awM&list=PLFW6lRTa1g83sIfVY1p1xGqPGYUm
Xyahx&index=1
9. https://www.elprocus.com/electric-drive-types-block-diagram-classification/
10. https://circuitglobe.com/four-quadrant-operation-of-dc-motor.
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Thankyou

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