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Chapter 2 MMW2

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43 views11 pages

Chapter 2 MMW2

Uploaded by

QUEDOR CHRISTIAN ANGELO
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter

2 Speaking
Mathematically

MMW
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Prepared by:byRonald
Copyright © 2009 S. Decano,
The McGraw-Hill PhD.
Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
2.1 Variables

Definition 1: Variable is used as a placeholder


when you want to talk about something; you
imagine that it has one or more values but you
don’t know what they are, you want whatever
you say about it to be equally true for all
elements in a given set, and so you don’t want
to be restricted to considering only a particular,
concrete value for it.

2.1
2.1 Variables
Is there a number with the following property:

Doubling it and adding 3 gives the same result as squaring it?

Can you introduce a variable to replace the


potentially ambiguous word “it”?

Is there a number x with the property of


2x + 3 = x2

2.1
Use variables to write the following
sentences

Are there two numbers with the property that the


sum of their squares equals the square of their
sum?

Given any real number, its square is


nonnegative.

2.1
Kinds of Mathematical Statements
Universal Statement says that a certain property is true for all
elements in a set.

Eg. All positive numbers are greater than zero.


Conditional Statement says that if one thing is true then some
other things are also true.

Eg. If 378 is divisible by 18, then 378 is divisible by 6.

Existential statement says that there is at least one thing for


which the property is true.

Eg. There is a prime number that is even.


20-5
Combinations of Mathematical
Statements
Universal Conditional Statement is a statement that is both
universal and conditional.
Eg. For all animals ɑ, if ɑ is a dog, then ɑ is a
mammal.
Conditional nature is explicit but its universal nature is
implicit.
Eg. If ɑ is a dog, the ɑ is a mammal. Or
If an animal is a dog, then the animal is a
mammal.
Universal nature explicit and its conditional nature implicit.
Eg. For all dogs ɑ, ɑ is a mammal. Or
All dogs are mammal.

20-6
Fill in the blanks to rewrite the following statement:
For all real numbers x, if x is nonzero, then x2 is positive.
a. If a real number is nonzero, then its square is ______.
b. For all nonzero real numbers x, ______.
c. If x ___________, then ______.
d. The square of any nonzero real number is ______.
e. All nonzero real numbers have ______.

20-7
Combinations of Mathematical
Statements
Universal Existential is a statement that is universal
because its first part says that a certain property is true for
all objects of a given type, and it is existential because its
second part asserts the existence of something.

Eg. Every real number has an additive inverse.


Or All real numbers have additive inverses.
Or For all real numbers r, there is an additive
inverse for r.
Or For all real numbers r, there is a real numbers s such
that s is an additive inverse for r.

20-8
Fill in the blanks to rewrite the following statement:
Every pot has a lid.
a. All pots ______.
b. For all pots P, there is ______.
c. For all pots P, there is a lid L such that ______.

20-9
Combinations of Mathematical
Statements
Existential Universal Statement is a statement that is
existential because its first part asserts that a certain object
exists and is universal because its second part says that the
object satisfies a certain property for all things of a certain
kind.
Eg. There is a positive integer that is less than or equal to every
positive integer.
Or Some positive integer is less than or equal to every positive
integer.
Or There is a positive integer m that is less than or equal to every
positive integer.
Or There is a positive integer m such that every positive integer is
greater than or equal to m.
Or There is a positive integer m with the property that for all positive
integers n, m≤n.
20-10
Fill in the blanks to rewrite the following statement:
There is a person in my class who is at least as old as every person in
my class.
a. Some________ is at least as old as______.
b. There is a person p in my class such that p is ________.
c. There is a person p in my class with the property that for every person q in my class, p is ______.

20-11

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