SUBJECT: OPERATING SYSTEMS

TOPIC: LINUX
TEAM MEMBERS

S.NO ROLL NUMBER NAME

1 2110030329 BADE ASHRITH

2 2110030342 P.BHARGAVRAJ

3 2110030345 B.AKSHAYA

4 2110030359 B.CHIHNITA

5 2110030372 K.AMITH
OPERATING SYSTEM
 An operating system (OS) is the program that, after being initially
loaded into the computer by a boot program, manages all of the other
application programs in a computer.
 It is an interface between a computer user and computer hardware.
 It is a software which performs all the basic tasks like file management,
memory management, process management, handling input and output,
and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.
 Some popular Operating Systems include Linux Operating System,
Windows Operating System, VMS, OS/400, AIX, z/OS, etc.
 Following are some of important functions of an operating
System:
• Memory Management.
• Processor Management.
• Device Management.
• File Management.
• Security.
• Control over system performance.
• Job accounting.
• Error detecting aids.
• Coordination between other software and users.
WHAT IS LINUX?
 Linux is an open source operating system (OS) just like windows, iOS.
 An operating system is the software that directly manages a system’s
hardware and resources, like CPU, memory, and storage.
 Linux has a number of different versions to suit any type of user.
 There are various versions of Linux and these are called distributions.
WHY USE LINUX?

 Linux might be the perfect platform to overcome viruses, crashes,

costly repairs, etc..
 One of the most reliable computer systems.
 Linux maintenance is simple and easy.
 Linux can run on any hardware.
 It is also a secure operating system.
 Linux provides customization better than Windows,
 HISTORY
 Linux began in 1991 as a personal project by Finnish student Linus Torvalds.
 In 1969, a team of developers of Bell Labs started a project to make a common
software for all the computers and named it as 'Unix’.

 The first Linux kernel was made public on September 17, 1991.
 It has grown from a small number of C files under a license prohibiting commercial
distribution to the 4.15 version in 2018.
ARCHITECTURE OF LINUX
 COMPONENTS OF LINUX

Linux Operating System has primarily three components:

 Kernel:
• Kernel is the core part of Linux and responsible for all major activities of this operating
system.
• It consists of various modules and it interacts directly with the underlying hardware.
• Provides the required abstraction to hide low level hardware details to system or
application programs.
 System Library:
• System libraries are special functions or programs using which application
programs or system utilities accesses Kernel's features.
• These libraries implement most of the functionalities of the operating system and
do not requires kernel module's code access rights.
 System Utility:
• System Utility programs are responsible to do specialized, individual level task.
LINUX AND THE GNU SYSTEM
 Many computer users run a modified version of the GNU system
every day, without realizing it.
 The version of GNU which is widely used today is often called
“Linux,” and many of its users are not aware that it is basically
the GNU system, developed by the GNU Project.
 The kernel is an essential part of an operating system.
 Linux is normally used in combination with the GNU operating
system: the whole system is basically GNU with Linux added, or
GNU/Linux.
ADVANTAGES

 PEN SOURCE: Source code is easily available. Anyone having

programming knowledge can customize the operating system.
 STABILITY: More stable than other operating systems and does
not require to reboot the system to maintain performance levels.
 PERFORMANCE: Provides high performance over different
networks and is capable of handling a large number of users
simultaneously.
 GUI: Linux is a command-line based OS but, it provides an
interactive user interface like Windows.
 DISADVANTAGES

 HARDWARE DRIVERS: Some hardware drivers are not available for

Linux because most hardware companies prefer to make drivers for
windows or mac because they have more users as compared to Linux.
 SOFTWARE ALTERNATIVE: Few softwares are not present for Linux
OS.
 GAMES: Most of the games are made for windows but not Linux. As
windows platform is widely used so game developers have more interest
in windows.
FEATURES
 FREE OS: Linux is a free operating system.
 MULTIUSER: Multiple users can use the Linux machine at the
same time.
 MULTITASKING: Multiple processes also called tasks or
functions can be done at a time.
 PORTABLE: It is portable to many hardware platforms i.e.
supports many hardware platforms and devices.
 SECURE: Provides user security using authentication features like
password, passcode, etc..
 GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE(GUI): Linux is a command
line based OS but can be converted to GUI by installing packages.
DISTRIBUTIONS
Over 300 distributions are available but the most popular Linux
distributions are:
• Ubuntu Linux
• Linux Mint
• Arch Linux
• Deepin
• Fedora
• Debian
• openSUSE
 DEBIAN:
• The name comes from the names of the creator of Debian, Ian Murdock,
and his wife, Debra.
• It is renowned for being a mother to popular Linux distributions such
as Deepin, Ubuntu, and Mint which have provided solid performance,
stability, and unparalleled user experience. 
• Debian project provides over 59,000 software packages.
• Provides 3 salient development branches: Stable, Testing and unstable.
• Debian is used by millions of users owing to its package-rich repository
and the stability it provides especially in production environments.
• Debian also has a distribution based on FreeBSD kernel.
 MINT:
• The Linux Mint project was created by Clement Lefebvre.
• Linux Mint is a hugely popular community-driven Linux distro based
on Ubuntu.
• Linux Mint is a free and open source operating system
(OS) distribution based on Ubuntu and Debian for use on x-86, x-64
compatible machines. 
• Linux Mint is the third most popular home operating system, behind
Microsoft Windows and Apple’s Mac OS. 
 UBUNTU:
• Ubuntu Foundation was formed in 2004 by a South African-British
developer and entrepreneur Mark Shuttleworth.
• Created and maintained by a UK based company called Canonical Ltd.
• The desktop version of Ubuntu supports all the normal software on
Windows such as Firefox, Chrome, VLC, etc.
• It is a free operating system and is backed by a huge open source
community.
• Ubuntu has an in-built email software called Thunderbird.
• Canonical Ltd releases two version every year, one in the month of April and
another in the month of October.
• Ubuntu is a free-to-use and ad-free operating system, unlike Windows. 
 FEDORA:
• It is founded by Warren Togami.
• It has been one of the most user-friendly distros for quite a while
now.
• It’s a powerful and flexible operating system that’s used for
desktops & laptops, servers, and even for IoT ecosystems.
• It is sponsored by Red Hat.
• It’s usually used for development and learning purposes and
comes in handy for developers and students.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LINUX AND UNIX.
LINUX UNIX
1. It is an open-source operating system 1. It is an operating system which can
which is freely available to everyone. be only used by its copyrighters.

2. Linux refers to the kernel of the 2. Unix refers to the original operating
GNU/Linux operating system. system developed by AT&T.

3. Used everywhere from servers, PC, 3. Used in servers, workstations and

smartphones, tablets to mainframes PCs.
and supercomputers.
4. Linux is command based but some 4. Initially it was command based OS,
distros provide GUI based Linux. but later Common Desktop
Environment was created. Most Unix
distributions use Gnome.
5. Free to use. 5. Require license.
6. Example: Ubuntu, Debian, Mint, 6. Example: SunOS, Solaris, etc..
etc..
BASIC LINUX COMMANDS

COMMAND DESCRIPTION
cd Change Directory.

mkdir Create a directory.

pwd Show current working directory.

cat>file Creates a file.

rmdir Remove directory.

LINUX FROM SCRATCH
 The Linux From Scratch (LFS) project was created specifically to empower
you to make your own Linux operating system to meet your needs, whether
it's for special hardware accommodations, maximizing performance,
staying on the bleeding edge, or learning the internals of Linux.
 Linux From Scratch isn't just another distribution that comes with the
minimum tooling necessary.
 LFS is actually just a collection of documentation, so everything you do
literally comes from each project's source code.
 In other words, with the help of the LFS documentation, you can download
the Linux kernel's source code directly from their site and compile it.
 You then move on to the next component and work your way from there
until you've eventually built a complete operating system—or at least as
much of an operating system as you need.
LINUX FROM SCRATCH WORTH IT?
 Creating an LFS operating system will take some time as
compiling software is not a speedy process.
 People who haven't tried Linux or aren't comfortable with the
terminal may want to start elsewhere before going this far into the
deep end.
 If you want to experiment with Linux From Scratch, you can try
it in a safe, isolated location, such as a virtual machine or on a
space machine, so that you don't destroy valuable data.
 There is so much invaluable knowledge you can only get by
going hands-on.
GITHUB LINKS

https://github.com/Akshaya345/OS/settings/access?guidance_task=
https://github.com/Akshaya345/OS
https://github.com/CHIHNITA-REDDY-B
https://github.com/k-amith1610/OS-Project
/tree/main/OS
https://github.com/AshrithBade
https://github.com/Bhargav240