Object-Oriented

Software Design

1
Object-oriented Concepts
 Basic Mechanisms:
 Objects:
 A real-world entity.
 A system is designed as a set of
interacting objects.
 Consists of data (attributes) and
functions (methods) that operate on data
 Hides organization of internal information
(Data abstraction)
 Examples: an employee, a book etc.

2
Object-oriented Concepts

m8 m7
mi are methods
of the object

m1 m6
Data
m2 m5

Object

m3 m4
Model of an object

3
Object-oriented Concepts
 Class:
 Instances are objects
 Template for object creation
 Examples: set of all employees, different
types of book

4
Object-oriented Concepts
 Methods and message:
 Operations supported by an object
 Means for manipulating the data of
other objects
 Invoked by sending message
 Examples: calculate_salary, issue-
book, member_details, etc.

5
Object-oriented Concepts
 Inheritance:
 Allows to define a new class (derived
class) by extending or modifying existing
class (base class)
 Represents Generalization-
specialization relationship
 Allows redefinition of the existing
methods (method overriding)

6
Object-oriented Concepts
 Multiple Inheritance:
 Subclass can inherit attributes and
methods from more than one base class

 Multiple inheritance is represented by

arrows drawn from the subclass to each of
the base classes

7
Object-oriented Concepts

LibraryMember Base Class LibraryMember Base Class

Multiple
Inheritance

Derived
Faculty Students Staff Faculty Students Staff
Classes

UnderGrad PostGrad Research UnderGrad PostGrad Research

8
Object-oriented Concepts
 Key Concepts:
 Abstraction:
 Consider aspects relevant for certain
purpose
 Suppress non-relevant aspects
 Supported at two levels i.e. class level
where base class is an abstraction &
object level where object is a data
abstraction entity

9
Object-oriented Concepts

 Advantages of abstraction:
 Reduces complexity of software
 Increases software productivity
 It is shown that software
productivity is inversely proportional
to software complexity

10
Object-oriented Concepts

 Encapsulation:
 It is a way to restrict the direct access
to some components of an object.
 Objects communicate outside world
through messages
 Objects data encapsulated within its
methods

11
Object-oriented Concepts

m4

m3
m5

m2 Data
m6

m1

Methods

Concept of encapsulation
12
Object-oriented Concepts

 Polymorphism:
 Denotes to poly (many) morphism (forms)
 It is a feature of object-oriented
programming languages that allows a
specific routine to use variables of different
types at different times.
 Same method call result in different actions
by different objects (static binding)
13
Object-oriented Concepts

 Dynamic binding:
 In inheritance hierarchy, an object can be
assigned to another object of its ancestor class

 A method call to an ancestor object would

result in the invocation of appropriate method
of object of the derived class

14
Question

 The same operation may apply to two or

more classes is called what?
a) Inheritance
b) Polymorphism
c) Encapsulation
d) Multiple classification

15
Advantages
of Object-oriented design
 Code and design reuse
 Increased productivity
 Ease of testing & maintenance
 Better understandability
 Its agreed that increased
productivity is chief advantage

16
Advantages
of Object-oriented design
 Initially incur higher costs, but
after completion of some projects
reduction in cost become possible
 Well-established OO methodology
and environment can be managed
with 20-50% of traditional cost
of development

17
Object
modelling using UML
 UML (Unified Modelling Language)
is an industry-standard language
for specifying, visualizing,
constructing and documenting the
artifacts of software system.

18
UML

 Based Principally on
 OMT [Rumbaugh 1991]
 Booch’s methodology[Booch 1991]
 OOSE (Obj- Ori S/W engg) [Jacobson
1992]
 Odell’s methodology[Odell 1992]
 Shlaer and Mellor [Shlaer 1992]

19
UML

OMT

UML
Booch
OOSE Methodology

Different object modelling techniques in UML

20
Why UML is required?

 Model is required to capture only

important aspects
 UML a graphical modelling tool, easy
to understand and construct
 Helps in managing complexity

21
UML diagrams

 Nine diagrams to capture

different views of a system
 Provide different perspectives of
the software system
 Diagrams can be refined to get
the actual implementation of the
system

22
UML diagrams

 Views of a system
 User’s view
 Structural view
 Behavioral view
 Implementation view
 Environmental view

23
UML diagrams

Behavioural View
Structural View  Sequence Diagram
 Class Diagram  Collaboration Diagram
 Object Diagram
- State-chart Diagram
- Activity Diagram
User’s View
 Use Case
Diagram

Implementation View Environmental View

 Component Diagram  Deployment Diagram

Diagrams and views in UML

24
Are all views required?

 NO
 Use case model, class diagram and one
of the interaction diagram for a simple
system
 State chart diagram in case of many
state changes
 Deployment diagram in case of large
number of hardware components

25
Use Case model
 Consists of set of “use cases”
 An important analysis and design
artifact
 Other models must confirm to this
model
 Not really an object-oriented model
 Represents a functional or process
model

26
Use Cases
 Different ways in which system can be used
by the users
 Corresponds to the high-level requirements
 Represents transaction between the user and
the system
 Define behavior without revealing internal
structure of system
 Set of related scenarios tied together by a
common goal

27
Question

 Why use case model is required?

a) For describing the internal functionality
b) To describe the different way of user
interaction
c) For system specification
d) None of above

28
Use Cases

 Normally, use cases are independent

of each other
 Implicit dependencies may exist
 Example: In Library Automation
System, renew-book & reserve-book
are independent use cases. But in
actual implementation of renew-book,
a check is made to see if any book has
been reserved using reserve-book

29
Example of
Use Cases
 For library information system
 issue-book
 Query-book
 Return-book
 Create-member
 Add-book, etc.

30
Representation of
Use Cases
 Represented by use case diagram
 Use case is represented by ellipse
 System boundary is represented by
rectangle
 Users are represented by stick
person icon (actor)
 Communication relationship
between actor and use case by line
 External system by stereotype

31
Example of Use Cases

Play Move

Player Tic-tac-toe game

Use case model

32
Why develop
Use Case diagram?
 Serves as requirements specification
 Users identification helps in
implementing security mechanism
through login system
 Another use in preparing the
documents (e.g. user’s manual)

33
Factoring Use Cases

 Complex use cases need to be factored

into simpler use cases
 Represent common behavior across
different use cases
 Three ways of factoring
 Generalization
 Includes
 Extends

34
Factoring Using
Generalization

Pay membership fee

Pay through credit card Pay through library pay card

Use case generalization

35
Factoring Using Includes
<<include>> Common
Base use case
use case

Use case inclusion

Base use case Base use case

<<include>>
<<include>>
<<include>> <<include>>

Base use case Base use case Base use case

Paralleling model 36
Factoring Using Extends

Base <<extends>> Common

use case use case

Use case extension

37
38
Question

 Which symbol is used for the use case?

a) Rectangle
b) Circle
c) Ellipse
d) Stick person

39
Class diagram

 Describes static structure of a system

 Main constituents are classes and their
relationships:
 Generalization
 Aggregation
 Association
 Various kinds of dependencies

40
Class diagram

 Entities with common features, i.e.

attributes and operations
 Classes are represented as solid
outline rectangle with compartments
 Compartments for name, attributes &
operations
 Attribute and operation compartment
are optional for reuse purpose

41
Example of
Class diagram

LibraryMember LibraryMember LibraryMember

Member Name Member Name
Membership Number Membership Number
Address Address
Phone Number Phone Number
E-Mail Address E-Mail Address
Membership Admission Date Membership Admission Date
Membership Expiry Date Membership Expiry Date
Books Issued Books Issued
issueBook( );
findPendingBooks( );
findOverdueBooks( );
returnBook( );
findMembershipDetails( );

Different representations of the LibraryMember class

42
Association Relationship

Library Member
1 borrowed by * Book

Association between two classes

43
Aggregation Relationship
 Represent a whole-part relationship
 Represented by diamond symbol at
the composite end
 Cannot be reflexive(i.e. recursive)
 Not symmetric
 It can be transitive

44
Aggregation Relationship

1 * 1
Document Paragraph * Line

Representation of aggregation

45
Composition Relationship

 Life of item is same as the order

1 *
Order Item

Representation of composition

46
Class Dependency

Dependent Class Independent Class

Representation of dependence between class

47
48
Object diagram

LibraryMember LibraryMember LibraryMember

Mritunjay Mritunjay
B10028 B10028
C-108, Laksmikant Hall C-108, Laksmikant Hall
1119 1119
Mrituj@cse Mrituj@cse
25-02-04 25-02-04
25-03-06 25-03-06
NIL NIL

IssueBook( );
findPendingBooks( );
findOverdueBooks( );
returnBook( );
findMembershipDetails( );

Different representations of the LibraryMember object

49
Object diagram

50
Question

 Which Symbols is used to represent

composition between the classes?
a) Arrow
b) Solid Diamond
c) Triangle
d) Diamond

51
Interaction diagram
 Models how groups of objects
collaborate to realize some behaviour
 Typically each interaction diagram
realizes behaviour of a single use case
Two kinds: Sequence & Collaboration
 These diagram play a very important
role in the design process

52
Sequence diagram
 Shows interaction among objects as two-
dimensional chart
 Objects are shown as boxes at top
 If object created during execution then
shown at appropriate place
 Objects existence are shown as
dashed lines (lifeline)
 Objects activeness, shown as
rectangle on lifeline

53
Sequence diagram
 Messages are shown as arrows
 Message labelled with message name
 Message can be labelled with control
information
 Two types of control information:
condition ([]) & an iteration (*)

54
Example of
Sequence diagram
:Library
:Library
:Library Book :Library
Book :Book
Boundary Renewal Member
Register
Controller

renewBook find MemberBorrowing

displayBorrowing
selectBooks bookSelected
* find
[reserved]
[reserved] apology
update
apology

confirm

confirm
updateMemberBorrowing

Sequence Diagram for the renew book use case

55
Collaboration diagram
 Shows both structural and behavioural
aspects
 Objects are collaborator, shown as boxes
 Messages between objects shown as a solid
line
 Message is shown as a labelled arrow
placed near the link
 Messages are prefixed with sequence
numbers to show relative sequencing

56
Example of
Collaboration diagram
6: * find
:Library
Book :Book
[reserved] Register
9: update
8: apology 5: book 10: confirm
Selected
1: renewBook :Library [reserved]
:Library Book 7: apology
Boundary 3: display Renewal
Borrowing Controller

4: selectBooks
2: findMemberBorrowing

12: confirm
:Library
Member

updateMemberBorrowing

Collaboration Diagram for the renew book use case

57
Activity diagram
 New concept, possibly based on event
diagram of Odell [1992]

 Represent processing activity, may not

correspond to methods

 Activity is a state with an internal

action and one/many outgoing
transition

58
Activity diagram
 Can represent parallel activity and
synchronization aspects

 Swim lanes enable to group activities

based on who is performing them

 Example: academic department vs.

hostel

59
Activity diagram
 Normally employed in business process
modelling

 Carried out during requirement analysis

and specification

 Can be used to develop interaction

diagrams

60
Example of
Activity diagram
Academic Section Accounts Section Hostel Office Hospital Department

check
student
records
receive
fees

allot create
hostel hospital
record
register
receive
in
fees
course
conduct
allot medical
room examination

issue
identity card
Activity diagram for student admission procedure at IIT
61
State Chart diagram
 Based on the work of David Harel
[1990]

 Model how the state of an object

changes in its lifetime

 Based on finite state machine (FSM)

formalism

62
State Chart diagram
 Elements of state chart diagram
 Initial State: Filled circle
 Final State: Filled circle inside larger
circle
 State: Rectangle with rounded corners
 Transitions: Arrow between states,
also boolean logic condition (guard)

63
Example of
State Chart diagram
order received
Unprocessed
Order
[reject] checked [accept] checked

Rejected Accepted
Order Order
[some items available]
[some items not processed / deliver
available] processed

[all items
Pending available] Fulfilled
Order newsupply Order

Example: State chart diagram for an order object

64
Question

 Which UML diagram represent the large

hardware component requirement?
a) Use case diagram
b) Deployment Diagram
c) Sequence Diagram
d) State chart Diagram

65
Example 1: Tic-Tac-Toe
Computer Game
 A human player and the computer make
alternate moves on a 3 3 square.
 A move consists of marking a previously
unmarked square.
 The user inputs a number between 1
and 9 to mark a square
 Whoever is first to place three
consecutive marks along a straight line
(i.e., along a row, column, or diagonal)
on the square wins.
66
Example 1: Tic-Tac-Toe
Computer Game
 As soon as either of the human player or
the computer wins,
 a message announcing the winner should be
displayed.
 If neither player manages to get three
consecutive marks along a straight line,
 and all the squares on the board are filled up,
 then the game is drawn.
 The computer always tries to win a
game.

67
Example 1: Use Case Model

Play Move

Player Tic-tac-toe game

68
Example 1: Sequence Diagram

:playMove :playMove
:board
Boundary Controller

acceptMove checkMoveValidity
move
[invalidMove] [invalidMove]
announceInvalidMove
announceInvalidMove
checkWinner
[game over]
[game over] announceResult
announceResult
playMove
checkWinner

[game over] [game over]

announceResult announceResult

displayBoardPositions getBoardPositions

[game not over]

promptNextMove

Sequence Diagram for the play move use case

69
Example 1: Class Diagram

Board PlayMoveBoundary

int position[9]

checkMove Validity announceInvalidMove

checkResult announceResult
playMove displayBoard

Controller

announceInvalidMove
announceResult

70
Example 2: Supermarket Prize
Scheme
 Supermarket needs to develop
software to encourage regular
customers.
 Customer needs to supply his
residence address, telephone
number, and the driving licence
number.
 Each customer who registers is
assigned a unique customer
number (CN) by the computer.
71
Example 2: Supermarket Prize
Scheme
 A customer can present his CN to
the staff when he makes any
purchase.
 The value of his purchase is
credited against his CN.
 At the end of each year, the
supermarket awards surprise gifts
to ten customers who make highest
purchase.
72
Example 2: Supermarket Prize
Scheme
 Also, it awards a 22 carat gold coin
to every customer whose purchases
exceed Rs. 10,000.
 The entries against the CN are reset
on the last day of every year after
the prize winner’s lists are
generated.

73
Example 2: Use Case Model

register
Customer customer Clerk

register
sales

Sales Clerk
select
winners

Supermarket
Prize scheme
Manager

74
 Example 2: Sequence Diagram for
the Select Winners Use Case
:SelectWinner :SelectWinner :Sales :Sales :Customer :Customer
Boundary Controller History Record Register Record

Select
SelectWinners
Winners
SelectWinners
*computeSales

*browse

[for each winner]

find WinnerDetails [for each winner]
announces
browse

Sequence Diagram for the select winners use case

75
 Example 2: Sequence Diagram for
the Register Customer Use Case
:SelectWinner :SelectWinner :Customer :Customer
Boundary Controller Register Record

register
register
checkDuplicate
*match

[duplicate]

showError
generateCIN

create
register :Customer
Record
displayCIN

Sequence Diagram for the register customer use case

76
Example 2: Sequence Diagram for
the Register Sales Use Case

:Register :Register
:Sales
Sales Sales
History
Boundary Controller

RegisterSales registerSales
registerSales

create :Sales
Record

confirm
confirm

Sequence Diagram for the register sales use case

77
Example 2: Sequence Diagram for
the Register Sales Use Case

:Register
:Sales
Sales
History
Boundary

registerSales
RegisterSales

create :Sales
Record

confirm

Refined Sequence Diagram for the register sales use case

78
Example 1: Class Diagram

SalesHistory CustomerRegister

selectWinners findWinnerDetails
registerSales register

1 1

* *
SalesRecords CustomerRecord

salesDetails name
address
computerSales browse
browse checkDuplicate
create create

79
Summary
 We discussed object-oriented
concepts
 Basic mechanisms: Such as objects,
class, methods, inheritance etc.
 Key concepts: Such as abstraction,
encapsulation, polymorphism,
composite objects etc.

80
Summary
 We discussed an important Obj Ori
language UML
 Its origin, as a standard, as a model
 Use case representation, its factorisation
such as generalization, includes and extends
 Different diagrams for UML representation
 In class diagram we discussed some
relationships association, aggregation,
composition and inheritance

81
Summary
 Some more diagrams such as
interaction diagrams (sequence and
collaboration), activity diagrams,
state chart diagram
 We discussed software development
process and patterns
 In this we discussed some patterns
example and domain modelling

82