The document discusses modeling cooling processes using differential equations. It provides examples of using Newton's law of cooling to derive differential equations describing how the temperature of an object changes over time as it cools. One example models the cooling of a cup of soup using an exponential decay function to describe how the soup's temperature Tm changes with respect to time t as it approaches the constant temperature of the surrounding medium β. The derived equation shows the temperature approaching β exponentially over time.
The document discusses modeling cooling processes using differential equations. It provides examples of using Newton's law of cooling to derive differential equations describing how the temperature of an object changes over time as it cools. One example models the cooling of a cup of soup using an exponential decay function to describe how the soup's temperature Tm changes with respect to time t as it approaches the constant temperature of the surrounding medium β. The derived equation shows the temperature approaching β exponentially over time.
The document discusses modeling cooling processes using differential equations. It provides examples of using Newton's law of cooling to derive differential equations describing how the temperature of an object changes over time as it cools. One example models the cooling of a cup of soup using an exponential decay function to describe how the soup's temperature Tm changes with respect to time t as it approaches the constant temperature of the surrounding medium β. The derived equation shows the temperature approaching β exponentially over time.
The document discusses modeling cooling processes using differential equations. It provides examples of using Newton's law of cooling to derive differential equations describing how the temperature of an object changes over time as it cools. One example models the cooling of a cup of soup using an exponential decay function to describe how the soup's temperature Tm changes with respect to time t as it approaches the constant temperature of the surrounding medium β. The derived equation shows the temperature approaching β exponentially over time.
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Modeling with a Differential
Equation Dr. G. Suresh Kumar Braking Distance
› Assume that the braking system is designed in such a way that the maximum braking force increases in proportion to the mass of the car. › So, the deceleration felt by the passengers is constant. Further assume that under a panic stop the maximum braking force F is applied continuously, then we obtain › F = -km › for some positive proportionality constant k. By newton’s second law of motion
Integrating If v0 is the velocity at t = 0, then C1 = v0.
If ts denotes the time it takes for the car to stop after the brakes have been applied, then v = 0 when t = ts, we get If x represents the distance traveled by the car after the brakes are applied, then v = dx/dt.
When t = 0, x = 0, which implies C2 = 0, so
Let db denote the braking distance, that is, x = db when t = ts.
Using ts = v0/k, we get
Therefore, breaking distance db is proportional to the square of the velocity.
Separation of Variables Introduction: dy The first order differential equation f x, y can be expressed dx in the form dy F x (1) dx G y
then we say that the equation is in variables separable form.
Equation(1) can conveniently be written as
G y dy F x dx
Integrate on both sides, to obtain
G y dy F x dx c, as its solution. c is an arbitrary constant Example: Solve the differential Equation (1 x ) ydx (1 y ) xdy 0
Solution: Given that
(1 x) ydx (1 y ) xdy 0 Separating the variables (dividing by xy), we have (1 y ) (1 x) dy dx 0 Integrating both sides, we get y x 1 1 y x dx c log y y log x x c 1 dy 1
Therefore, log( xy ) c x y , is the required solution.
Example: .
dy x y 2 Solve the differential equation a2 dx dy x y 2 Solution Given that a2 dx dy dz Put x y z , then 1+ . dx dx Substituting the value of (dy/dx) in (1) we get 2 dz z z2 1 a 2 2 2 dz dx dx z a Integrating on both sides, we get z2 a2 1 z z 2 a 2 dz dx c 1 2 z a 2 dz dx c z a tan xc a x y 1 y a tan c is the required solution. a Example: Find the equation of the curve passing through (1, 1) in the xy-plane having at each of its points the slope –y/x.
Solution: Given that the slope curve is
dy y dy dx dx x y x
Integrating both sides, we get
log y log x log c xy c .
Since the curve passes through the point (1,1), c=1
Therefore, equation of the curve is xy=1. Introduction: Newton’s law of cooling states that the rate of change of temperature of a cooling body is proportional to the difference between the temperature of the body and that of the surrounding medium.
Suppose that a body whose temperature is initially T0 is allowed to cool
in air which is maintained at a constant temperature of Ts.
It is required to find the temperature of the body as a functions of time t.
Let the temperature of the body be T at time t. Then by Newton’s law of cooling dT k (T TS ) dt where k > 0 is the constant of proportionality. Problem Consider the following model for the cooling of a hot cup of soup:
where Tm(0) = . Here Tm is the temperature of the soup at
any time t > 0, β is the constant temperature of the surrounding medium, is the initial temperature of the soup, and k is a constant of proportionality depending on the thermal properties of the soup. Determine the temperature of the soup Tm. Solution After separating the variables, we obtain
Integrating on both side, we have
Taking exponential on both side, we get
From Tm(0) = , we get C1 = | - β|.
Therefore,
Thus, Problems: 1. A fragment of bone is discovered to contain 20% of the usualC-14 concentration. Estimate the age of the bone, given that half life time of C-14 is 5730 years. 2. It is given that the rate of decay of radium varies as its mass at that time. Assuming that the half life of radium is 1600 years, find what percent of the mass 0 will remain after 200 years. 3. An object of mass m is dropped from a hovering helicopter. Find its velocity as a function of time t, assuming that the air resistance is proportional to the velocity of the object. 4. A particle of mass m is attached to the lower end of a light spring (Whose upper end is fixed) and is released. Express the velocity as a function of stretch x feet. 5. Solve Thank you
