Chapter 5 Internal Action in Beam
Chapter 5 Internal Action in Beam
Overhanging beam
Beams supporting
Resultant load R is represented
• Concentrated loads by the area formed by the
intensity w (force per unit
length of
beam) and the length L over
• Distributed loads which the force is distributed.
Uniform: constant load intensity, w The resultant passes through
the centroid of this area.
Once the distributed loads have been reduced to their equivalent concentrated
loads, the external reactions acting on the beam may be found by a straightforward
static analysis
5. BEAMS… 5
Determining external effects...
Example
͏ Determine the reactions at A and B for the beam subjected to a combination of
distributed and point loads.
R1=(2kN/m)*1.8m/2= 1.8kN
R2=(2kN/m)*1.2m/2= 1.2kN
1.8kN
AX
Ay By
These values of V and M apply to all sections of the beam to the left of the 4-kN load. A section of the beam
to the right of the 4-kN load is next isolated with its
free-body diagram on which V and M are shown in their positive directions.
Equilibrium requires
5. BEAMS… 10
Shear and moment diagrams
Example
• Determine the shear and moment distributions
produced in the simple beam by the 4-kN
concentrated load.
Solution:
1st using FBD of entire system determine external or support reactions
1 2
x
x
A section of the beam of length x is next isolated with its FBD on which we show
FBD of Section 1
the shear V and the bending moment M in their positive directions. Equilibrium
gives
These values of V and M apply to all sections of the beam to the left of the 4-kN load.
5. BEAMS… 11
Shear and moment diagrams…
Solution: continued…
A section of the beam to the right of the 4-kN load is next isolated with its free-body diagram on
which V and M are shown in their positive directions. Equilibrium requires
These results apply only to sections of the beam to the right of the 4-kN load.
The values of V and M are plotted as shown.
FBD of Section 2
2 kN
1 kN/m
2 kNm
2m 2m 1m 1m 2m
A B
Solution:
i) Analyze the beam externally (i.e determine support reactions )
• 2 kN
Free body diagram 1 kN/m
2 kNm
AX
Ay
2m 2m 1m 1m 2m By
• Substitute the distributed force by its equivalent concentrated force at its centroid
1 kN/m)*2m/2= (1 kN/m)*2m=
1kN 2kN 2 kN
2 kNm
AX
Ay 0.67 m
1.33 m 1m 1m 1m 1m 2m By
By considering the beam as it is under state of equilibrium, we can solve the unknowns through equations of
equilibrium
5. BEAMS… 13
Shear and bending moment diagrams…
Example 2: Solution…
∑Fx=0, Assume as positive, hence Ax+0=0, Ax=0
∑MA=0, Assume CCW as positive moment, Thus
By*8m-1kN*1.33m-2kN*3m-2kNm-2kN*6m=0; By=2.67kN ( )
∑Fy=0, Assume as positive, thus Ay+By-1kN-2kN-2kN=0,
Ay+By=5kN
by substituting the value of By=2.67 kN, then Ay=2.33kN ( )
ii) Analyze the beam internally (i.e determine internal actions such as shear and bending moment )
1 2 3 4 5
2m 2m 1m 1m 2m
2.33kN 2.67kN
• Decide on the number of segments to be analyzed. (i.e the number of sections to cut the beam )
Show the representative sections on the above free body diagram
(0≤ X ≤2)…by section 1---1 where x: distance on the beam as it is measured from left end.
(2≤X ≤4)…by section 2---2
(4≤ X ≤5)…by section 3---3
(5≤ X ≤6)…by section 4---4
(6≤ X ≤8)…by section 5---5
5. BEAMS… 14
Shear and moment diagrams…
Example 2: solution …
w (kN/m)
V M
2.33kN
x
M-2.33*x+(x2/4)*x/3=0; M=2.33x-x3/12
When x=0, M=2.33*0-03/12=0
When X=2, M=2.33*2- 23/12=4kN
5. BEAMS… 15
Shear and moment diagrams…
Example 2: solution …
M V M
V
1.33m 0.67m
2m x-2
x-2 2.33kN
2.33kN x
x
M-2.33*x+1*(x-1.33)+1(x-2)*(x-2)/2=0;
M=2.33x-(x-1.33)-(x-2)*(x-2)/2
When x=2, M=2.33*2-(2-1.33)-(2-2)*(2-2)/2=4kNm
When X=4, M=2.33*4-(4-1.33)-(4-2)*(4-2)/2=4.65kNm
5. BEAMS… 16
Shear and moment diagrams…
Example 2: solution …
Analysis of beam segment (4≤ X <5)
• Free body diagram of LHS of section 3---3. RHS of this and other sections afterwards may be easy. But lets use LHS
for all of them. You can check by using RHS
(1kN/m)*(2m)=2 kN
1 (kN/m) (1kN/m)*2m=1 kN
M
M
M-2.33*x+1*(x-1.33)+2(x-3)=0;
M=2.33x-(x-1.33)-2(x-3)
When x=4, M=2.33*4-(4-1.33)-2(4-3)=4.65kNm
When X=5, M=2.33*5-(5-1.33)-2(5-3)=3.98kNm
5. BEAMS… 17
Shear and moment diagrams…
Example 2: solution …
M-2.33*x+1*(x-1.33)+2(x-3)-2=0;
M=2.33x-(x-1.33)-2(x-3)+2
When x=5, M=2.33*5-(5-1.33)-2(5-3)+2=5.98kNm
When X=6, M=2.33*6-(6-1.33)-2(6-3)+2=5.31kNm
5. BEAMS… 18
Shear and moment diagrams…
Example 2: solution …
2kNm M
2m 2m 1m 1m
2.33kN V
x
2 kN
1 kN 2 kN
2kNm M
1.33m 0.67m 1m 1m 1m 1m
V
2.33kN
x
2 kN
Force diagram 1 kN/m
2 kNm
2m 2m 1m 1m 2m
2.33kN 2.67kN
Shear force diagram 2.33
1.33
+ve
V(kN)
-0.67
-ve
5.98
-2.67
4.65
4
3.98
5.31
M(kNm)
+ve
0
-ve
5. BEAMS… 20
Shear and moment diagrams…
Example 2: Solution …
iv) Determine the minimum and maximum moment
The location of minimum and maximum moment corresponds to the location where shear
force is zero. Thus, look at the shear force diagram and identify the segment. After this use
the segment`s equation of shear to be equal to zero.
i.e in this case segment two(2≤x≤4) with equations
V=1.33-(x-2)
M=2.33x-(x-1.33)-(x-2)*(x-2)/2
@ M max, , V=0 hence 1.33-(x-2)=0 , x=3.33m from left is the location
Where shear force is zero and corresponding maximum moment in this segement.
Substituting x=3.33m in the moment equation gives the maximum moment as
Mmax=2.33*3.33-(3.33-1.33)-(3.33-2)*(3.33-2)/2
=7.76-2-0.88; Mmax=4.88kNm in segment two. But look at the BMD, due
to presence of CW concentrated moment at X=3, The BMD rises by that amount resulting in
the maximum moment through out the beam. Thus Mmax=5.98 kNm
Mmin=0 by inspection, at the both in ends of the beam
5. BEAMS… 21
Shear and moment diagrams…
Exercise
1. Construct the shear and moment diagrams for the beam loaded by the 2-kN force and
the 1.6-kN m couple. State the value of the bending moment at point B.
2. Plot the shear and moment diagrams for the beam loaded with both the distributed and point loads.
What are the values of the shear and moment
at Determine the maximum bending moment, Mmax