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Chapter 5 Internal Action in Beam

1) Beams experience internal forces like shear force and bending moment when external loads are applied. Shear force is the component of force parallel to the beam's length while bending moment is the component perpendicular. 2) To determine the internal forces, we first calculate the external/support reactions using statics. We then draw free body diagrams of sections of the beam and apply static equilibrium to calculate the shear force and bending moment. 3) The shear force and bending moment values are plotted in diagrams to show their variation along the length of the beam. Maximum bending moment occurs where the shear force changes direction.

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Tewodros Ali
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
191 views21 pages

Chapter 5 Internal Action in Beam

1) Beams experience internal forces like shear force and bending moment when external loads are applied. Shear force is the component of force parallel to the beam's length while bending moment is the component perpendicular. 2) To determine the internal forces, we first calculate the external/support reactions using statics. We then draw free body diagrams of sections of the beam and apply static equilibrium to calculate the shear force and bending moment. 3) The shear force and bending moment values are plotted in diagrams to show their variation along the length of the beam. Maximum bending moment occurs where the shear force changes direction.

Uploaded by

Tewodros Ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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5.

INTERNAL ACTIONS IN BEAMS 1


Introduction
͏ Beams are structural members which offer resistance to bending due to applied
loads. Most beams are long prismatic bars, and the loads are usually applied normal
to the axes of the bars.
͏ Beams are undoubtedly the most important of all structural members, so it is
important to understand the basic theory underlying their design.
͏ To analyze the load-carrying capacities of a beam we must first establish the
equilibrium requirements of the beam as a whole and any portion of it considered
separately.
͏ Second, we must establish the relations between the resulting forces and the
accompanying internal resistance of the beam to support these forces. The first part
of this analysis requires the application of the principles of statics. The second part
involves the strength characteristics of the material and is usually treated in studies
of the mechanics of solids or the mechanics of materials(i.e an other course).
5. BEAMS… 2
Types of beams
͏ Beams supported so that their external support reactions can be calculated by the
methods of statics alone are called statically determinate beams. A beam which has
more supports than needed to provide equilibrium is statically indeterminate. To
determine the support reactions for such a beam we must consider its load-
deformation properties in addition to the equations of static equilibrium.

Simply supported beams


(simple beams)

Overhanging beam

Compound beam (one example)


5. BEAMS… 3
Determining external effects
͏ Beams may also be identified by the type of external loading they support.

Beams supporting
Resultant load R is represented
• Concentrated loads by the area formed by the
intensity w (force per unit
length of
beam) and the length L over
• Distributed loads which the force is distributed.
 Uniform: constant load intensity, w The resultant passes through
the centroid of this area.

 Linearly varying The trapezoidal area is


broken into a rectangular
and a triangular area, and
the corresponding
resultants R1 and R2 of
these subareas are
 Trapezoidal…………………. determined separately.
5. BEAMS… 4
Determining external effects…
͏ For a more general load distribution,

 we must start with a differential increment of force dR =w


dx. The total load R is then the sum of the differential
forces, or

 The resultant R is located at the centroid of the area under


consideration. The x-coordinate of this centroid is found
by the principleof moments

 Once the distributed loads have been reduced to their equivalent concentrated
loads, the external reactions acting on the beam may be found by a straightforward
static analysis
5. BEAMS… 5
Determining external effects...
Example
͏ Determine the reactions at A and B for the beam subjected to a combination of
distributed and point loads.
R1=(2kN/m)*1.8m/2= 1.8kN
R2=(2kN/m)*1.2m/2= 1.2kN

1.8kN

1.0m 1.2kN 1.3kN


2.6m 1.2m
0.75kN

AX
Ay By

ΣMA=0, By*4.8 – 1.3*3.6 - 1.2*1 =0 ;


By=1.23 kN
ΣFx=0, Ax – 0.75=0;
Ax=0.75kN
ΣFy=0, Ay + 1.23- 2 - 1.2 -1.3=0 ;
Ay=3.07 KN
5. BEAMS… 6
Determining external effects…
Exercise

1. Calculate the support reactions at A and


B for the beam subjected to the two
linearly varying load distributions

2. A cantilever beam supports the variable


load shown. Calculate the supporting force
RA and moment MA at A
5. BEAMS… 7
Determining internal effects
• In this article we introduce internal beam effects and apply principles of
statics to calculate the internal shear force and bending moment as
functions of location along the beam.
Shear, Bending, and Torsion
In addition to supporting tension or compression, a beam can resist
shear, bending, and torsion. These three effects are illustrated in Figures below. The
force V is called the shear force, the couple M is called the bending moment, and
the couple T is called a torsional moment. These effects represent the vector
components of the resultant of the forces acting on a transverse section of the beam
as shown in the right figure.
5. BEAMS… 8
Determining internal effects …
• Consider the shear force V and bending moment M caused by forces
applied to the beam in a single plane. The conventions for positive values of
shear V and bending moment M shown in Figure below are the ones
generally used.
• From the principle of action and reaction we can see that the directions of
V and M are reversed on the two sections. It is frequently impossible to tell
without calculation whether the shear and moment at a particular section
are positive or negative. For this reason it is advisable to represent V and
M in their positive directions on the free-body diagrams and let the
algebraic signs of the calculated values indicate the proper directions.
5. BEAMS… 9
Determining internal effects …
Example
• Determine the shear and moment distributions produced in the simple
beam by the 4-kN concentrated load.
Solution: 1st using FBD of entire system
determine external or support reactions

A section of the beam of length x is next isolated with its


FBD on which we show the shear V and the bending
moment M in their positive directions. Equilibrium gives

These values of V and M apply to all sections of the beam to the left of the 4-kN load. A section of the beam
to the right of the 4-kN load is next isolated with its
free-body diagram on which V and M are shown in their positive directions.
Equilibrium requires
5. BEAMS… 10
Shear and moment diagrams
Example
• Determine the shear and moment distributions
produced in the simple beam by the 4-kN
concentrated load.
Solution:
1st using FBD of entire system determine external or support reactions
1 2

x
x

A section of the beam of length x is next isolated with its FBD on which we show
FBD of Section 1
the shear V and the bending moment M in their positive directions. Equilibrium
gives

These values of V and M apply to all sections of the beam to the left of the 4-kN load.
5. BEAMS… 11
Shear and moment diagrams…
Solution: continued…
A section of the beam to the right of the 4-kN load is next isolated with its free-body diagram on
which V and M are shown in their positive directions. Equilibrium requires

These results apply only to sections of the beam to the right of the 4-kN load.
The values of V and M are plotted as shown.

FBD of Section 2

The maximum bending moment occurs where the


shear changes direction. As we move in the positive
x-direction starting with x = 0, we see that the
moment M is merely the accumulated area under
the shear diagram.
5. BEAMS… 12
Shear and moment diagrams…
Example 2: Construct the shear and moment diagrams for the beam loaded as shown

2 kN
1 kN/m
2 kNm

2m 2m 1m 1m 2m
A B
Solution:
i) Analyze the beam externally (i.e determine support reactions )
• 2 kN
Free body diagram 1 kN/m
2 kNm
AX
Ay
2m 2m 1m 1m 2m By

• Substitute the distributed force by its equivalent concentrated force at its centroid
1 kN/m)*2m/2= (1 kN/m)*2m=
1kN 2kN 2 kN
2 kNm
AX
Ay 0.67 m
1.33 m 1m 1m 1m 1m 2m By

By considering the beam as it is under state of equilibrium, we can solve the unknowns through equations of
equilibrium
5. BEAMS… 13
Shear and bending moment diagrams…
Example 2: Solution…
 ∑Fx=0, Assume as positive, hence Ax+0=0, Ax=0
 ∑MA=0, Assume CCW as positive moment, Thus
By*8m-1kN*1.33m-2kN*3m-2kNm-2kN*6m=0; By=2.67kN ( )
 ∑Fy=0, Assume as positive, thus Ay+By-1kN-2kN-2kN=0,
Ay+By=5kN
by substituting the value of By=2.67 kN, then Ay=2.33kN ( )
ii) Analyze the beam internally (i.e determine internal actions such as shear and bending moment )

• Free body diagram this time including values of support reactions


1 2 2 kN
3 4 5
1 kN/m
2 kNm

1 2 3 4 5
2m 2m 1m 1m 2m
2.33kN 2.67kN

• Decide on the number of segments to be analyzed. (i.e the number of sections to cut the beam )
 Show the representative sections on the above free body diagram
(0≤ X ≤2)…by section 1---1 where x: distance on the beam as it is measured from left end.
(2≤X ≤4)…by section 2---2
(4≤ X ≤5)…by section 3---3
(5≤ X ≤6)…by section 4---4
(6≤ X ≤8)…by section 5---5
5. BEAMS… 14
Shear and moment diagrams…
Example 2: solution …

 Analysis of beam segment (0< X ≤2)


• Free body diagram of LHS of section 1---1

w (kN/m)

V M

2.33kN
x

1 • From triangle similarity, w/1=x/2 ; Thus w=(x/2)kN/m.


w
• Its equivalent concentrated force =w*x/2
x =(x/2)*(x/2)=x2/4
2 Which is to be located 2x/3 from left end

X2/4 kN • Now it is easy to write equilibrium equation


 From
∑Fy=0, Assume as positive, thus
V M 2.33-x2/4-V=0, V=2.33- x2/4; When x=0, V=2.33 kN
x/3
2x/3 When X=2, V=2.33- 22/4=1.33kN
2.33kN x ∑MA=0, Assume CCW as positive moment, thus

M-2.33*x+(x2/4)*x/3=0; M=2.33x-x3/12
When x=0, M=2.33*0-03/12=0
When X=2, M=2.33*2- 23/12=4kN
5. BEAMS… 15
Shear and moment diagrams…
Example 2: solution …

 Analysis of beam segment (2≤ X ≤4)


• Free body diagram of LHS of section 2---2 (1kN/m)*(x-2)=1(X-2) kN
(1kN/m)*2m=1 kN
1 (kN/m)

M V M
V
1.33m 0.67m
2m x-2
x-2 2.33kN
2.33kN x
x

• Now it is easy to write equilibrium equation


 From
∑Fy=0, Assume as positive, thus
2.33-1-1(x-2)-V=0, V=2.33-1-(x-2); V=1.33 - (x-2);
When x=2, V=1.33 kN
When X=4, V=1.33 - (4-2)=-0.67kN

∑MA=0, Assume CCW as positive moment, thus

M-2.33*x+1*(x-1.33)+1(x-2)*(x-2)/2=0;
M=2.33x-(x-1.33)-(x-2)*(x-2)/2
When x=2, M=2.33*2-(2-1.33)-(2-2)*(2-2)/2=4kNm
When X=4, M=2.33*4-(4-1.33)-(4-2)*(4-2)/2=4.65kNm
5. BEAMS… 16
Shear and moment diagrams…
Example 2: solution …
 Analysis of beam segment (4≤ X <5)
• Free body diagram of LHS of section 3---3. RHS of this and other sections afterwards may be easy. But lets use LHS
for all of them. You can check by using RHS
(1kN/m)*(2m)=2 kN

1 (kN/m) (1kN/m)*2m=1 kN
M
M

1.33m 0.67m 1m x-3


2m V V
2m 2.33kN
2.33kN
x
x

• Now it is easy to write equilibrium equation


 From
∑Fy=0, Assume as positive, thus
2.33-1-2-V=0, V=2.33-1-2=-0.67kN
(Shear force is constant throughout this segment);
When x=4, V=-0.67 kN
When X=5, V=-0.67kN
∑MA=0, Assume CCW as positive moment, thus

M-2.33*x+1*(x-1.33)+2(x-3)=0;
M=2.33x-(x-1.33)-2(x-3)
When x=4, M=2.33*4-(4-1.33)-2(4-3)=4.65kNm
When X=5, M=2.33*5-(5-1.33)-2(5-3)=3.98kNm
5. BEAMS… 17
Shear and moment diagrams…
Example 2: solution …

 Analysis of beam segment (5< X <6)


• Free body diagram of LHS of section 4---4. (1kN/m)*(2m)=2 kN
(1kN/m)*2m=1 kN
1 (kN/m)
2kNm M
M

1.33m 0.67m 1m x-3


2m V
2m V 2.33kN
2.33kN
x
x

• Now using equilibrium equation


 From
∑Fy=0, Assume as positive, thus
2.33-1-2-V=0, V=2.33-1-2=-0.67kN
(Shear force is constant throughout this segment);
When x=4, V=-0.67 kN
When X=5, V=-0.67kN
∑MA=0, Assume CCW as positive moment, thus

M-2.33*x+1*(x-1.33)+2(x-3)-2=0;
M=2.33x-(x-1.33)-2(x-3)+2
When x=5, M=2.33*5-(5-1.33)-2(5-3)+2=5.98kNm
When X=6, M=2.33*6-(6-1.33)-2(6-3)+2=5.31kNm
5. BEAMS… 18
Shear and moment diagrams…
Example 2: solution …

 Analysis of beam segment (6< X <8)


• Free body diagram of LHS of section 5---5
1 (kN/m) 2 kN

2kNm M

2m 2m 1m 1m
2.33kN V
x
2 kN
1 kN 2 kN

2kNm M

1.33m 0.67m 1m 1m 1m 1m
V
2.33kN
x

• Now using equilibrium equation


 From ∑Fy=0, Assume as positive, thus 2.33-1-2-2-V=0, V=2.33-1-2-2=-2.67kN
(Shear force is constant throughout this segment);
When x=6, V=-2.67 kN
When X=8, V=-2.67kN
∑MA=0, Assume CCW as positive moment, thus
M-2.33*x+1*(x-1.33)+2(x-3)-2+2(x-6)=0;
M=2.33x-(x-1.33)-2(x-3)-2(x-6)+2 When x=6, M=2.33*6-(6-1.33)-2(6-3)-2(6-6)+2=5.31kNm
When X=8, M=2.33*8-(8-1.33)-2(8-3)-2(8-6)+2=0kNm
5. BEAMS… 19
Shear and moment diagrams…
Example 2: solution …

iii) Draw diagrams

2 kN
 Force diagram 1 kN/m
2 kNm

2m 2m 1m 1m 2m
2.33kN 2.67kN
 Shear force diagram 2.33

1.33
+ve
V(kN)

-0.67
-ve

 Bending moment diagram

5.98
-2.67

4.65
4

3.98

5.31
M(kNm)

+ve
0
-ve
5. BEAMS… 20
Shear and moment diagrams…
Example 2: Solution …
iv) Determine the minimum and maximum moment
The location of minimum and maximum moment corresponds to the location where shear
force is zero. Thus, look at the shear force diagram and identify the segment. After this use
the segment`s equation of shear to be equal to zero.
i.e in this case segment two(2≤x≤4) with equations
 V=1.33-(x-2)
 M=2.33x-(x-1.33)-(x-2)*(x-2)/2
@ M max, , V=0 hence 1.33-(x-2)=0 , x=3.33m from left is the location
Where shear force is zero and corresponding maximum moment in this segement.
Substituting x=3.33m in the moment equation gives the maximum moment as
Mmax=2.33*3.33-(3.33-1.33)-(3.33-2)*(3.33-2)/2
=7.76-2-0.88; Mmax=4.88kNm in segment two. But look at the BMD, due
to presence of CW concentrated moment at X=3, The BMD rises by that amount resulting in
the maximum moment through out the beam. Thus Mmax=5.98 kNm
Mmin=0 by inspection, at the both in ends of the beam
5. BEAMS… 21
Shear and moment diagrams…
Exercise
1. Construct the shear and moment diagrams for the beam loaded by the 2-kN force and
the 1.6-kN m couple. State the value of the bending moment at point B.

2. Plot the shear and moment diagrams for the beam loaded with both the distributed and point loads.
What are the values of the shear and moment
at Determine the maximum bending moment, Mmax

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