Polarity of Molecules and Its Properties

POLARITY OF MOLECULES
AND ITS PROPERTIES

A. POLARITY, SOLUBILITY & MISCIBILITY
Solubility is defined as the ability

One of the practical applications of a solid substance to be
of polarity of molecule in real-life dissolved in a given amount of
scenario is manifested on the solvent while miscibility is the
solubility and miscibility of ability of the two liquids to
substances to form solution. combine or mix in all proportions,
creating a homogenous mixture.
 Thegeneral rule to remember about the solubility and
miscibility of molecular compounds can be
summarized in a phrase, “like dissolves like” or “like
mixes with like”.
 Thismeans that polar substances will only be
dissolved or mixed with polar substances while
nonpolar substances will be soluble or miscible with
another nonpolar substance.
 Intramolecular forces are the forces that hold atoms
together within a molecule. Intermolecular forces are
forces that exist between molecules.
B. Bond Strength and Physical
Properties of Covalent Compounds
 INTERMOLECULAR FORCES (IMFA) -
Is a type of attractive force which exists
between molecules.
 1. Thereare several types of IMFA and below they
are arranged from STRONGEST to WEAKEST.
 Ion-dipole
→ H-bonding→ dipole-dipole→ dipole-
induced dipole→ London forces of attraction.
 2. Thestrength of IMFA greatly affects the physical
properties of substances such as boiling point,
melting point, vapor pressure, surface tension, etc.
Table 1. Summary of Types of Intermolecular Forces of Attraction (IMFA)
INTERACTING
TYPE OF IMFA EXAMPLE
SUBSTANCES
Ion (cation or NaCl dissolved in
Ion – dipole anion) and a polar H2O
molecule Ca2+ and PCl3
Polar molecules
containing H chemically
Hydrogen bonded to a small and
H2O, NH3, CH3OH
Bonding highly electronegative
non-metal atom such as
N, O and F.
Table 1. Summary of Types of Intermolecular Forces of Attraction (IMFA)
INTERACTING
TYPE OF IMFA EXAMPLE
SUBSTANCES
Dipole – dipole Polar molecules CH3F and H2S

Dipole – Polar and nonpolar
HI and CH4
induced dipole molecules
All substances and
solely for nonpolar
London Forces molecules and noble
O2, N2, He gas, Br2
gases.
Physical Properties of Substances
 A.Boiling point: temperature at which the vapor pressure
and atmospheric pressure of a liquid substance are equal.
 B.Melting point: temperature at which solid becomes
liquid. At this point, the solid and liquid phases exist in
equilibrium.
 C.Surface tension: energy needed to increase the surface
area by a unit amount;
Physical Properties of Substances
 D. Viscosity: the resistance of the liquid to flow
 E. Vaporpressure: pressure exerted by a substance in its
gaseous state.
 F. Volatility:
measures the rate at which a substance
vaporizes (changes from liquid to gas)
Table 2. General Properties of polar and nonpolar molecules
Polar molecules Nonpolar molecules

• IMFA type: H-bonding • IMFA type: London
and dipole-dipole dispersion
• exist as solids or liquids at • exist as gases at room
room temperature temperature
• High boiling point • Low boiling point
• High melting point • Low melting point
• High surface tension • Low surface tension
Table 2. General Properties of polar and nonpolar molecules
Polar molecules Nonpolar molecules

• Low vapor pressure • High vapor pressure
• Low volatility • High volatility
• Soluble in water • Insoluble in water
In the simplest sense, boiling point, melting point,
viscosity and surface tension increase as the strength of
intermolecular forces increases. On the other hand, vapor
pressure and volatility decrease with increasing strength of
IMFA. London dispersion forces increase as the molecular
mass of a substance increases.
GENERAL TYPES OF
INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES
Identify the intermolecular forces present
among the following molecules.
1. Two Sulfur dioxide molecules.
Dipole -
dipole
Polar substances exhibit dipole-dipole interaction
due to the presence of (+) and (-) ends of the
molecules. In the exercise above, sulfur dioxide
(SO2) has polar ends that will participate in the
dipole-dipole forces of attraction.
2. Sodium ion (Na+) and formaldehyde (CH 2O)
Ion -
dipole
 With the presence of an ion (cation or anion), the
charged ends of polar molecules will be attracted to
the dipole. This is true in the case of Na+ and
formaldehyde. The positive sodium ion will be
attracted to the partially-negative oxygen in
formaldehyde, resulting to an ion-dipole interaction.
3. Two Carbon dioxide (CO2)
London
force
 CO2 is a nonpolar substance. It is a linear
molecule and the electron shift at the right of C is
balanced by the electron shift to the left. Thus
there is no net shift in electron density and no net
charged is produced. For nonpolar molecules, only
dispersion forces are present.
4. NH3 and H2O
Dipole – dipole,
H-Bonding
 Inboth NH3 and H2O, the hydrogen atoms are bonded
to more electronegative atoms, nitrogen and oxygen,
respectively. This permits them to form H-bonds with
other molecules with the same condition. Thus, H-
bond is present between NH3 and H2O.
5. Fe2+ and O2
Ion-induced
dipole
 Ion-induced dipole forces of attraction are present
among Fe2+ ions together with oxygen molecules.
The charge in iron will distort the electron
distribution in O2 resulting to temporary poles in
oxygen. The Fe2+ and partially-negative end of O2
will then be attracted to form the above-mentioned
force of attraction.
 Atoms are held together in molecules by strong intramolecular
forces, like covalent and ionic bonds. On the other hand, other
forms of attractive forces are present to keep these molecules
together giving rise to the different states of matter, which, then
exhibit their own bulk properties such as boiling, melting, and
freezing points, and viscosity among others.
 Thereare three general types of intermolecular forces (IMF),
namely, van der Waals forces, ion-dipole interaction, and H-
bonding.
 Van der Waals forces, after the Dutch chemist Johannes van der Waals
(1837-1923) consist of dipole-dipole interaction, dipole-induced dipole
interaction, and dispersion forces.
 Dipole-dipole attraction is present among polar molecules. Through
constant movement, the charges of the molecules align in such a way
that the positive (+) end of one molecule is attracted to the negative (-)
end of the other molecule. This happens due to the shift of electron
density towards the more electronegative element in the molecule
resulting to (+) and (-) ends. The measure of this electron shift is known
as dipole moment, represented by crossed arrow.
 Dipole-induced dipole interaction, just like the dipole-dipole
forces, depends on the presence of polar molecules. The other
molecule needs not be a polar one. The partial charges present in
the dipole cause the polarization or distortion of the electron
distribution in the other molecule. This gives rise to regions of
partial (+) and (-) poles. The other molecule then becomes an
induced dipole. The induced dipole will be attracted to the
original polar molecules, resulting to dipole-induced dipole
attraction.
 Dispersion forces (London dispersion forces), were named after the
German physicist Fritz London (1900-1954). The electron cloud of a
neutral substance can be normally distributed around the nucleus. At any
given time, the electron distribution may be uneven and results to an
instantaneous dipole. This temporary dipole will then influence the
neighboring atoms through attractive and repulsive forces. Eventually, the
substances will become instantaneous dipoles, too. Attraction between
opposite charges will happen among the species present. These are true
for ion-induced dipole and induced dipole-induced dipole interactions.
 Ion-dipole interaction results from the attraction
either between a cation (+) or an anion (-) with
permanent polar molecules. The ions will be attracted
to the opposite charges present in the dipole resulting
to this type of attraction.
 H-bonding is a special type of dipole-dipole
interaction between the H atoms in a polar bond. It
requires that the H-atoms in the molecules be bonded
with more electronegative atoms such as O, N, or F to
form H-bonds with other molecules.
Identify the intermolecular forces present in the
following substances
 CH4
 CH3COOH
 O3
 N2
 NH3

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POLARITY OF MOLECULES

AND ITS PROPERTIES

Solubility is defined as the ability

Dipole – dipole Polar molecules CH3F and H2S

Polar molecules Nonpolar molecules

Polar molecules Nonpolar molecules

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