OVERVIEW

At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

2.1 Apply the concept of linear motion
2.1.1 Define linear motion
2.1.2 Define uniform and non-uniform motion
2.1.3 Define distance, displacement, speed, velocity, average velocity, acceleration and deceleration. 
  
2.1.4 Solve the related problems by using kinematic formula

2.2 Solve problems of linear motion from velocity-time graph

2.2.1 Calculate the distance, displacement, speed, velocity, average velocity, acceleration and
deceleration from the velocity-time graph
2.2.2 Sketch velocity-time graph

 2.3 Carry out an experiment related to linear motion of an object

2.3.1 Follow instructions to set-up the experiment
2.3.2 Interpret data obtained to identify the type of motion of the object
2.1 APPLY THE CONCEPT OF LINEAR MOTION
2.1.1 Define linear motion
 Linear motion is motion along a straight line.
 An example of linear motion is an athlete running 100 m along a straight track.
 The linear motion can be of two types : uniform linear motion & non-uniform linear motion

2.1.2 Define uniform and non-uniform motion

UNIFORM MOTION NON-UNIFORM MOTION

A motion which covers equal distance in equal A motion covers unequal distance in equal
interval of time. interval of time.
The bodies moving with constant speed or The bodies executing non uniform motion
velocity (a= 0m/ or increase at the uniform have varying speed or velocity.
rate.
 UNIFORM MOTION
EXAMPLE:

 The figure shows the distance covered by a ball after every 2 seconds.

A B C D E

 The ball covers 10 meter in every 2 seconds. The speed with which the ball is
moving at any point between A and E is 5 m/s. That is, the object is moving with
uniform speed.
 NON-UNIFORM MOTION
EXAMPLE:

 The figure shows the distance covered by a motocycle.

2m 3m
1s 1s

2m/s 3m/s

• The motorcycle covers 2 meter and 3 meter in every 1 seconds. The speed with
which the motorcycle is moving is unequal. That is, the motorcycle is moving with
non-uniform speed.
UNIFORM & NON-UNIFORM MOTION
UNIFORM & NON-UNIFORM MOTION
2.1.3 Define distance, displacement, speed, velocity, average velocity,
acceleration and deceleration. 

DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT

DISTANCE, s DISPLACEMENT, s

Total path of length travelled from one The length of the straight line
connecting the two locations, in a
location to another specified direction

Scalar quantity Vector quantity

It has magnitude only It has both magnitude and direction

SI unit: meter (m) SI unit: meter (m)

DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT
EXAMPLE:
1. Total Distance from Point A to Point B to Point C?

Total Distance A to B to C = 4m + 3m
= 7m

*Total path of length travelled

2. Displacement from Point A to Point B to Point C?

Displacement A to C = 5m

*Shortest distance between initial position (A) and

final position (B).

SPEED AND VELOCITY
SPEED, s VELOCITY, v
The rate of change of distance The rate of change of displacement

Scalar quantity Vector quantity

It has magnitude only It has both magnitude and direction

SI unit: meter per second (m/s) SI unit: meter meter per second (m/s)
AVERAGE SPEED AND AVERAGE VELOCITY
The total distance travelled divided by the
time required to travel that distance.
AVERAGE SPEED, Vav
Vav = Total distance traveled
Total time required for the travel

The net displacement divided by the total

AVERAGE VELOCITY, Vav
time required to achieve that displacement.
Vav = displacement
Total time required for the travel
ACCELERATION AND DECELERATION
ACCELERATION, +a DECCELERATION, -a
Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity The rate of decrease in speed in a specified direction

Increasing speed (+ve value) Increasing speed (-ve value)

Acceleration, a = Change in velocity (in m/s)

Time taken (in second) Acceleration, a = final velocity, v – initial velocity, u
Time taken (in second)
Acceleration, a = final velocity, v – initial velocity, u
Final velocity, v ≤ initial velocity, u
Time taken (in second)

Final velocity is bigger than initial velocity Final velocity is smaller than initial velocity

SI unit: meter per second square () SI unit: meter per second square ()

The velocity of an object increases from an initial The velocity of an object decreases from an initial
velocity, u to a higher final velocity, v velocity, u to a lower final velocity, v
ACCELERATION AND DECELERATION
EXAMPLE 1 : EXAMPLE 2:
A van accelerate uniformly from a velocity A car travelling at 2.4 m/s slowed down when the
15m/s to 20m/s in 2.5s. What was the traffic light turned red. After undergoing uniform
acceleration of the van? deceleration for 4 s, it stopped in front of the traffic
Solution light. Calculate the deceleration of the car.
Initial velocity, u = 15m/s Solution
Final velocity, v = 20m/s Initial velocity, u = 2.4m/s
Time = 2.5s Final velocity, v = 0m/s (stoped)
Time = 4s
Acceleration, a = final velocity, v – initial velocity, u
Time taken, t Acceleration, a = final velocity, v – initial velocity, u
Time taken, t
= 20 – 15
2.5 = 0 – 2.4
a = 2 m/s² 4
a = - 0.6 m/s²
ACCELERATION AND DECELERATION
EXERCISE:
1. A car moved from its static condition to reach its destination in 45minutes. Its final velocity is 120km/h.
Calculate the acceleration of the car in

2. Calculate the acceleration of a car that moves from rest and achieves a velocity of 100 km/h in 15 s.

Answers
1) 0.0123
2) 1.852
2.1.4 Solve the related problems by using kinematic formula

SUMMARY OF EQUATION

𝒗=𝒖+𝒂𝒕
(𝐯 − 𝐮)
𝐚=
𝐭

(v + u) t
Where,
v = Final velocity (m/s)
=
u = Initial velocity (m/s)
a = Acceleration ()
s = Distance/Displacement (m)
t = Time (s)
SOLVING PROBLEM USING KINEMATIC FORMULA
EXAMPLE 1 : EXAMPLE 2 :
A bus picks up passengers and accelerates from A car accelerated at 8 from an initial velocity of 4m/s
rest at 1.5m/ for 6 seconds. How far does the bus for 10 seconds. Calculate the final velocity and the
travelled during that period time? distance travelled by the car?
Solution
Solution i) Final velocity, v =
Acceleration, a = 1.5m/
Acceleration, a = 8m/
Initial velocity, u = 0m/s v = (4) + 8(10)
Initial velocity, u = 4m/s
Time = 6s
Time = 10s
Distance, s = v = 84m/s

s = (0)(6) + (1.5) ii) Distance, s =

s = 27 meter. s = (84 + 4) (10)

s = 440 meter.
SOLVING PROBLEM USING KINEMATIC FORMULA
EXERCISE:
1. A biker travels at an average speed of 1.8 km/h along a 0.30 km straight segment of a bike path. How
much time in minute does the biker take to travel this segment?

2. A flight leaves from Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) at 1440 hours and arrived at Kuching
International Airport at 1600. The distance of the journey is 1238 km. What is the average speed in km/hr
for the journey?

Answers
1) 10 minute
2) 930.82 km/h
EXERCISE:
3. A runner runs from the starting line and achieves a velocity of 20m/s in 2.6 seconds.
i) Calculate his acceleration
ii) If the acceleration is constant, calculate the displacement travelled in 6.5 second.

Answers
i) 7.69 m/s
ii) 130 m
 EXERCISE:
4. A driver travelling at a velocity of 108km/h notice a cat in the middle of road 80m in front of him. On
seeing the cat, the driver instantly applies the brakes and is able to bring the car stop after 6s.
i. What is the deceleration of the car?
ii. Calculate the distance travelled from the time the driver applies the brakes until it comes to stop.

Answers
i) -5 m/s
ii) 90 m
 EXERCISE:

5. A cyclist cycled in a straight line at a

velocity of 8m/s on a hard surface. When he
was 6m from a soft surface, he braked to
slow down so that it entered the soft surface
at a velocity of 4m/s.

i. What is the time taken by the bicycle to slow down from 8m/s to 4m/s?
ii. Calculate the deceleration of the bicycle.
iii. The bicycle decelerated to a stop with a uniform deceleration 3 second after entering
the soft surface. Calculate the distance travelled by the bicycle on the soft surface?

Answers
i) 1 s
ii) -4 m/s
iii) 6 m
2.2 SOLVE PROBLEMS OF LINEAR MOTION FROM
VELOCITY-TIME GRAPH
DESCRIBE THE MOTION GRAPH

C
B

A D

A C
DESCRIBE THE MOTION GRAPH

B
A

A
C
B
THE AREA UNDER GRAPH INDICATES THE VALUE OF DISTANCE

Area of Rectangle &

Area of Triangle Square Area of Trapezium

Area of triangle = (Base X Height) = Length X Breadth = (Above + Base) Height

Above

Length
Height

Height
Breadth

Length
Base

Base

Breadth
How to calculate distance in graph by using area of triangle,
trapezium, square n rectangle formula.
How to calculate distance in graph by using area of triangle,
trapezium, square n rectangle formula.
EXAMPLE 1 : USING GRAPH METHOD
A car starting from rest accelerates uniformly to 40m/s over a period of 10 seconds. The car maintains the
velocity for 20 seconds. The velocity is then reduced uniformly to 20m/s in 10 seconds and the brought to
rest after another 10 seconds.

Solution
i) Sketch a Velocity – Time Graph ii) Calculate the acceleration for the first 10 seconds

Velocity, v (m/s) Initial velocity, u = 0m/s

Final velocity, v = 40m/s
Time = 10s

40
Acceleration, a = final velocity, v – initial velocity, u
Time taken, t
20 a = 40 - 0
10

0
a=4
10 20 30 40 50 Time, t (s)
EXAMPLE 1 : USING GRAPH METHOD
Velocity, v (m/s)
iii) Calculate the total distance using graph method.
= Area of triangle + Area of trapezium + Area of rectangle + Area of triangle
40
= (base X height)+ (above + base)height +LengthXBreadth + (base X height)
B
20 = (10 X 40) + (20 + 30) 20 + 20 X 30 + (10 X 20)

A C = + 500 + 600+ 100

D
0 Total distance = 1400 meter
10 20 30 40 50 Time, t (s)

A Area of triangle B Area of trapezium

above iv) Calculate the average velocity over the described.
above = 20
height

height

base = 10 base = 30 Total displacement = 1400m

height = 40 height = 20 Total time = 50s
base base
Average Velocity, Vav = Displacement
C Area of rectangle D Area of trapezium Total time required for the travel

lenght = 20
Vav = 1400m
lenght

height

base = 10 50s
breadth = 30 height = 20
Breadth base Vav = 28m/s
 EXERCISE
A car moving from 4m/s to 25m/s with constant acceleration of 2This condition continued until the car was
stopped with deceleration of 2. Sum of distance travelled by the car is 5km. Using both Equation method
and Graph method, calculate:
i. Distance during the acceleration.
ii. Distance travelled during deceleration.
iii. Total time travelled by the car.

Answers
i) 152.25m
ii) 156.25m
iii) 210.66s
ANSWER USING EQUATION METHOD
ANSWER USING GRAPH METHOD