Introduction To Gases
Introduction To Gases
Introduction To Gases
EQ:
How do we use the Kinetic
Molecular Theory to explain
the behavior of gases?
States of Matter
2 main factors determine state:
• The forces (inter/intramolecular) holding particles together
• The kinetic energy present (the energy an object possesses due to its motion of the particles)
• KE tends to ‘pull’ particles apart
Kinetic Energy , States of Matter & Temperature
Gases have a higher kinetic energy because their particles move a lot more than
in a solid or a liquid
As the temperature increases, there gas particles move faster, and thus kinetic
energy increases.
Characteristics of Gases
Gases expand to fill any container.
• random motion, no attraction
Gases are fluids (like liquids).
• no attraction
Gases have very low densities.
• no volume = lots of empty space
Characteristics of Gases
Gases can be compressed.
• no volume = lots of empty space
Gases undergo diffusion & effusion (across a barrier with small holes).
• random motion
Kinetic Molecular Theory of ‘Ideal’ Gases
Particles in an ideal gas…
• have no volume.
• have elastic collisions (ie. billiard ball
particles exchange energy with each other,
but total KE is conserved
• are in constant, random, straight-line motion.
• don’t attract or repel each other.
• have an avg. KE directly related to
temperature ( temp= motion= KE)
Real Gases
Particles in a REAL gas…
• have their own volume
• attract each other (intermolecular forces)
force
pressure
area
Mercury Barometer
Units of Pressure
At Standard Atmospheric Pressure (SAP)
101.325 kPa (kilopascal)
1 atm (atmosphere)
760 mm Hg
(millimeter Hg) N
760 torr kPa 2
m
14.7 psi (pounds per square inch)
Standard Temperature & Pressure
STP
Standard Temperature & Pressure
0°C 273 K
-OR-
1 atm 101.325 kPa
Temperature: The Kelvin Scale
Always use absolute temperature
(Kelvin) when working with gases.
ºC
-273 0 100
K
0 273 373
C K 273 K = ºC + 273
Kelvin and Absolute Zero
Scottish physicist Lord Kelvin suggested that -273oC (0K) was the temperature at which the motion particles within a
gas approaches zero.. And thus, so does volume)
Absolute Zero:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JHXxPnmyDbk
Comparing the Celsius and Kelvin Scale:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-G9FdNqUVBQ
Why Use the Kelvin Scale?
Not everything freezes at 0 oC, but for ALL substances, motion stops at 0K.
It eliminates the use of negative values for temperature! Makes mathematic
calculations possible (to calculate the temp. twice warmer than -5 oC we can’t use
2x(-5oC) because we would get -10oC!)
How Did We Do So Far?
Learning Goal:
V
1. Boyle’s Law
P1V1=P2V2
Where P1 represents the initial pressure
T
2. Charles’ Law
2. Charles’ Law
Charles’ Law leads to the mathematical
expression: