CHAPTER – 4

INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT)

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Outline

 Definition of IoT
 History of IoT
 Pros and cons of IoT
 IoT working principle
 Architecture of IoT
 IoT tools and platforms
 Application areas of IoT

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What is
IOT?

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 Internet of Things

 According to the Internet Architecture Board’s (IAB) definition, IoT is

the networking of smart objects, meaning a huge number of devices
intelligently communicating in the presence of internet protocol that
cannot be directly operated by human beings but exist as components in
buildings, vehicles or the environment.

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 Internet of Things

 According to the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) organization’s

definition, IoT is the networking of smart objects in which smart
objects have some constraints such as limited bandwidth, power, and
processing accessibility for achieving interoperability among smart
objects.

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 Internet of Things

 According to the IEEE Communications category magazine’s definition,

IoT is a framework of all things that have a representation in the
presence of the internet in such a way that new applications and
services enable the interaction in the physical and virtual world in the
form of Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication in the cloud.

 The term Internet of Things (IoT) according to the 2020 conceptual

framework is expressed through a simple formula such as:
IoT= Services + Data + Networks + Sensors
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 Internet of Things

 The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects or

"things" embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network
connectivity, which enables these objects to collect and exchange data.

 IoT is a network of devices that can sense, accumulate and transfer

data over the internet without any human intervention.

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 Internet of Things

 IoT is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and

digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with
unique identifiers and the ability to transfer data over a network
without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer
interaction.

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 Internet of Things
 The IoT consists of a gigantic network of internet-connected
“things” and devices.

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 Internet of Things

 The most important features of IoT include Artificial Intelligence,

Connectivity, Sensors, Active engagement, and Small device use.

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 Internet of Things

 AI - IoT essentially makes virtually anything “smart”

 Connectivity - New enabling technologies for networking and
specifically IoT networking.

 Sensors - instruments that transform IoT from a standard passive

network of devices into an active system capable of real-world
integration.
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 Internet of Things

 Active Engagement - Much of today's interaction with connected

technology happens through passive engagement. IoT introduces a new
paradigm for active content, product, or service engagement.

 Small Devices - Devices, as predicted, have become smaller, cheaper,

and more powerful over time. IoT exploits purpose-built small devices
to deliver its precision, scalability, and versatility.

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 Internet of Things

 The internet of things (IoT) has found its application in several

areas such as connected industry, smart-city, smart-home, smart-
energy, connected car, smart agriculture, connected building
and campus, health care, logistics, among other domains.

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 History of IoT

 The Internet, itself a significant component of the IoT, started out as part
of DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) in 1962 and
evolved into ARPANET in 1969.

 In the 1980s, commercial service providers began supporting public use

of ARPANET, allowing it to evolve into our modern Internet.

 Global Positioning Satellites (GPS) became a reality in early 1993, with

the Department of Defense providing a stable, highly functional system
of 24 satellites. 15
 History of IoT

 Kevin Ashton, the Executive Director of Auto-ID Labs at MIT, was

the first to describe the Internet of Things, during his 1999 speech.

 By the year 2013, the Internet of Things had evolved into a system
using multiple technologies, ranging from the Internet to wireless
communication and from micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS)
to embedded systems.

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 Advantages of IoT
 Improved Customer Engagement - Current analytics suffer from blind-
spots and significant flaws inaccuracy; and as noted, engagement
remains passive. IoT completely transforms this to achieve richer and
more effective engagement with audiences.

 Technology Optimization - The same technologies and data which

improve the customer experience also improve device use, and aid in
more potent improvements to technology. IoT unlocks a world of critical
functional and field data.
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 Advantages of IoT

 Reduced Waste - IoT makes areas of improvement clear. Current

analytics give us superficial insight, but IoT provides real-world
information leading to the more effective management of resources.

 Enhanced Data Collection - Modern data collection suffers from

its limitations and its design for passive use. IoT breaks it out of
those spaces and places it exactly where humans really want to go
to analyze our world. It allows an accurate picture of everything.
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 Disadvantages of IoT

 As the number of connected devices increases and more

information is shared between devices, the potential that a hacker
could steal confidential information also increases.

 If there’s a bug in the system, it’s likely that every connected device
will become corrupted.

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 Disadvantages of IoT

 Since there’s no international standard of compatibility for IoT, it’s

difficult for devices from different manufacturers to communicate
with each other.

 Enterprises may eventually have to deal with massive numbers

maybe even millions of IoT devices and collecting and managing the
data from all those devices will be challenging.

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 Challenges of IoT
 Security - IoT creates an ecosystem of constantly connected devices
communicating over networks. The system offers little control despite
any security measures. This leaves users exposed to various kinds of
attackers.

 Privacy - The sophistication of IoT provides substantial personal data in

extreme detail without the user's active participation.

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 Challenges of IoT

 Complexity - Some find IoT systems complicated in terms of

design, deployment, and maintenance given their use of multiple
technologies and a large set of new enabling technologies.

 Flexibility - Many are concerned about the flexibility of an IoT

system to integrate easily with another. They worry about finding
themselves with several conflicting or locking systems.

Compiled By - Asaminew Gizaw 22

 How it Works?

 An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that use

embedded processors, sensors and communication hardware to
collect, send and act on data they acquire from their environments.

 IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by connecting to an

IoT gateway or another edge device where data is either sent to the
cloud to be analyzed or analyzed locally.

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 How it Works?

 The devices do most of the work without human intervention,

although people can interact with the devices.

 The connectivity, networking and communication protocols used

with these web-enabled devices largely depend on the specific IoT
applications deployed.

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 Architecture of IOT
 IoT device can be explained as a network of things that consists of
hardware, software, network connectivity, and sensors.

 The architecture of IoT devices comprises four major components:

 sensing

 Network
layers
 data processing, and

 application
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 Architecture of IOT

1. Sensing Layer - The main purpose of the sensing layer is to identify

any phenomena in the devices’ peripheral and obtain data from the real
world.

• This layer consists of several sensors.

• Sensors in IoT devices can be classified into three broad categories

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 Architecture of IOT

 Motion Sensors: Motion sensors measure the change in motion as

well as the orientation of the devices.

 Position sensors: Position sensors of IoT devices deal with the

physical position and location of the device. E.g. Global Positioning
System (GPS) sensors.

 GPS is used for navigation purposes in IoT devices.

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 Architecture of IOT
 Environmental Sensors: sense the change in environmental
parameters in the device’s peripheral. E.g. Light sensors, Pressure
sensors, etc.

 The primary purpose of using environmental sensors in IoT

devices is to help the devices to take autonomous decisions
according to the changes of a device’s peripheral.
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 Architecture of IOT
2. Network Layer - The network layer acts as a communication
channel to transfer data, collected in the sensing layer, to other
connected devices.

• In IoT devices, the network layer is implemented by using diverse

communication technologies (e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee,
ZWave, LoRa, cellular network, etc.) to allow data flow between
other devices within the same network.
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 Architecture of IOT
3. Data Processing Layer - The data processing layer consists of the main
data processing unit of IoT devices.

• The data processing layer takes data collected in the sensing layer and
analyses the data to make decisions based on the result. In some IoT
devices, the data processing layer also saves the result of the previous
analysis to improve the user experience.

• This layer may share the result of data processing with other connected
devices via the network layer.
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 Architecture of IOT

4. Application Layer - The application layer implements and

presents the results of the data processing layer.

• The application layer is a user-centric layer that executes various

tasks for the users.

• There exist diverse IoT applications, which include smart

transportation, smart home, personal care, healthcare, etc.
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Example

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Architecture of IOT

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IoT Tools and Platforms

• There are many vendors in the industrial IoT platform marketplace,

offering remarkably similar capabilities and methods of deployment.

• These IoT Platform Solutions are based on the Internet of Things

and cloud technology.

• They can be used in areas of smart home, city, enterprise, home

automation, healthcare or automotive, just to name a few.
IoT 34
IoT platform
• Given below are the top 10 IoT platforms for 2018 that you can use for building an app
• Microsoft Azure IoT.
• Amazon Web Services or AWS.
• Google Cloud Platform.
• ThingWorx.
• Cisco IoT Cloud Connect.
• HP's Universal of Things.
• SAP Cloud Platform.
• Oracle Internet of Things.

IoT 35
 Applications of IOT
 Agriculture - For indoor planting, IoT makes monitoring and
management of microclimate conditions a reality, which in turn
increases production.

 For outside planting, devices using IoT technology can sense soil
moisture and nutrients, in conjunction with weather data, better
control smart irrigation and fertilizer systems.

 If the sprinkler systems dispense water only when needed, for example,
this prevents wasting a precious resource. 36
 Applications of IOT

Applications of IOT in Agriculture

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 Applications of IOT

 Consumer Use - For private citizens, IoT devices in the form of

wearables and smart homes make life easier.

 Wearables cover accessories such as Fitbit, smartphones, Apple

watches, health monitors, to name a few.

 These devices improve entertainment, network connectivity, health,

and fitness.

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 Applications of IOT

 Healthcare - First and foremost, wearable IoT devices let

hospitals monitor their patients’ health at home, thereby reducing
hospital stays while still providing up to the minute real-time
information that could save lives.

 In hospitals, smart beds keep the staff informed as to the

availability, thereby cutting wait time for free space.

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 Health Medical Report
Medical Checkup
Sector

Operational Efficiency Health Devices

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Remote Home Control Automatic Parking
Smart
Home

Security System Advanced Kitchen

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WiFi Connectivity Smart Traffic Control
City

Security System Advanced Parking System

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Manufacturing Industrial Bill Payment
Automation

Planning Advanced Power Supply

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THANK YOU
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