SHRI RAMSWAROOP MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY

LUCKNOW – DEVA ROAD, UTTAR PRADESH

INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN –V
BAR5001

TOPIC: STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

AR.VIVEK ANAND SACHINKUMAR PATEL
B.ARCH 3RD YEAR
201811101010002
SRMU
WHAT IS STRUCTURE SYSTEM
• Structural system, in building construction, the particular method of
assembling and constructing structural elements of a building so that they
support and transmit applied loads safely to the ground without exceeding the
allowable stresses in the members. The structural system transfers loads
through interconnected elements or members.
TYPES OF STRUCTURE SYSTEM

FORM ACTIVE SYSTEMS

VECTOR ACTIVE SYSTEMS

SECTION ACTIVE SYSTEMS

SURFACE ACTIVE SYSTEMS

 FORM ACTIVE SYSTEM
 These are systems of flexible, non-rigid matter, in which the redirection of
forces is effected by particular form design and characteristic form
stabilization.
Examples are:
Cable structures
Tent structures
Pneumatic structures
Arcaded structures
 CABLE STRUCTURES
 Cable structure, Form of long-span structure that is subject to tension and uses suspension cables for
support. Highly efficient, cable structures include the suspension bridge, the cable-stayed roof, and the
bicycle-wheel roof.
 Cables can be of mild steel, high strength steel (drawn carbon steel), stainless steel, polyester or aramid
fibres. Structural cables are made of a series of small strands twisted or bound together to form a much
larger cable.
 TENT STRUCTURES
Definition of the Tent Structure System:
• A Membrane is a thin, flexible surface that carries loads primarily through the development of tension
forces.
• Holding a stress tension force.
• Provide strong lighting features.
• Desert architecture identity, inspired from ten design and geometry. 

Why tensile are the shape they are?

 Large flat pieces of fabric are very poor at resisting loads.
 Imagine four of you each pulling on the strings laced through a tennis ball. Fig 1. A fifth person pushing
down on the ball can deflect it easily.
 Imagine a floppy marquee roof. Try lifting two opposite strings and lowering the other two. Fig 2. The
ball is now locked in space. Apply this principle to fabric and you have created ‘anticlastic’ double
curvature Fig. 1 Fig. 2
TYPES OF FABRIC STRUCTURES

SADDLE ROOF MAST SUPPORTED

ARCH SUPPORTED COMBINATIONS TYPES

 PNEUMATIC STRUCTURES
 A pneumatic structure is a system of components that is supported by air in the same manner that a balloon is
supported by air.
 The components of a pneumatic structure consist of a membrane, supporting cables, and anchorage system and an
HVAC system.
 There are two major types of pneumatic structures, low profile and high profile. The profile of a pneumatic structure
is defined by its height to span ratio. 
 High profile pneumatic structures are often used as temporary structures and are usually freestanding and have little
or no foundation. 
 Low Profile pneumatic structures are mostly used to span great distances such as sports arenas and tend to be placed
on top of a building as a roof instead of on the ground as an individual structure.
 ARCUATED STRUCTURES
A term applied to a building structurally dependent on the use of arches or
the arch principle

TYPES OF ARCHUATED STRUCTURES

ARCH VAULT DOME

 ARCH STRUCTURES
 A curved structure member that is used to span an opening and to support loads
from above.
 The arch is basic element for the make of the vault and domes.
 Is an essential element of the architecture of early civilizations.
CLASSIFICATION OF ARCHES
 According to Geometry
 According to number of centres
 According to materials

STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR
Forces acting in arches and vault are characterized by a thrust.
Intensity of horizontal thrust is generated by the weight of the voussoir.
 Action of different voussoir on below ones create a line of thrust.
Line of thrust determine the stability of arch and vault.
 DOMES
 A dome is a hollow semi- spherical structural element Domes evolved from arches, by
rotation arch 360 degree
TYPES OF DOMES
ACCORDING TO BUILDING TECHNIQUE
ACCORDING TO GEOMETRY

SEMI TRANSFER
LOAD HEMISPHERICAL
CIRCULAR IN DOME
 Domes are also characterized by a thrust.
 When a dome is generated by interaction of two vault similar forces are applied on it.
 And additional circular force act on it due to construction of dome in a circular manner
around a vertical axis.
 This is the force which help in balancing the dome.
 VAULT STRUCTURES
 Vaults are extended arches used to create large open rooms and high, covered passageway.
 Is an arch shaped structure usually of masonry used as the ceiling of room or other enclosed space
Main Construction system
 As like arch the centring is a main construction method for vault

CLASSIFICATION OF VAULT
 VECTOR ACTIVE SYSTEMS
• These are systems of short, solid, straight lineal members, in which the
redirection of forces is effected by vector partition, i.e. by multidirectional
splitting of single force simply to tension or compressive elements.
Examples are:
1. Flat Trusses
2. Curved Trusses
3. Prismatic (3D) Trusses
4. Space Trusses
 FLAT TRUSSES
 Flat trusses, known as parallel-chord or girders, are used to construct flat roofs. 
 The name "truss" describes a triangular design, which may range from a simple individual triangle to a large number of
interconnected units. 
 The outside framing members are known as chords, while the smaller connecting members are called webs.
 A point where the truss rests on a load-bearing wall is known as a bearing point, and a king post is a vertical support that
divides the bottom chord on many types of trusses. 

FUNCTION
 Roof trusses are used to carry and support the weight of the roof deck and any finish material used to cover the roof.
This weight can be quite significant if clay or slate roof tiles are used, or it may be very light when used to support
asphalt shingles or rolled roofing.
 The chords support the roof while the webs brace and stabilize the chords, helping to distribute the load across the entire
truss to the bearing walls on either side.

LOAD TRANSFER
 TYPES OF TRUSSES
 The king post truss is mainly adopted for short spans
(less than 6 m). It is usually built of wood completely or
of wood combined with steel. Steel rods are used as
tension members.
 The Queen post truss is found suitable for spans 6 m to
9 m. For ordinary buildings the fink type truss is found
to be very satisfactory. These trusses are convenient for
spans 12 m to 18 m.
 For small spans flat roofs may be supported on beams.
But for larger spans flat trusses are to be used.
 In factory buildings where considerably more light is
desirable the saw tooth truss is used.
 For long spans and where more head room is required
the crescent truss is adopted. For such conditions the
scissors truss, the curb truss, the shed truss, the three
hinged arched truss, the Hammer beam truss are also
used.
 SECTION ACTIVE SYSTEMS
• These are systems of rigid, solid, linear elements, in which redirection of
forces is effected by mobilization of sectional forces. Examples are:
1. Beam structures
2. Frame structures
3. Slab structures
 BEAM STRUCTURES
 A beam is a structural element that primarily resists loads applied laterally to the beam's axis. Its mode of deflection is
primarily by bending. The loads applied to the beam result in reaction forces at the beam's support points.
PURPOSE OF BEAMS
• Resist loads
• Counter bending moment and shear forces.
• Connect the structure together.
• Provide a uniform distribution of loads
THE STANDARD SIZE OF THE BEAMS
• In a residential building is 9 ʺ × 12 ʺ or 225 mm × 300 mm according to the (IS codes).
• The minimum size of the RCC beam should not be less than the 9 ʺ× 9 ʺ or 225mm × 225mm with the addition of slab
thickness which is 125mm.
 BEAM STRUCTURES
CLASSIFICATION OF BEAMS:
 Generally, beams are classified by the shape of their cross-section, by their length and by their equilibrium
conditions.
 FRAME STRUCTURES
 Frame structures are the structures having the combination of beam, column and slab to resist the lateral and gravity
loads. These structures are usually used to overcome the large moments developing due to the applied loading.
 In an RCC framed structure, the load is transferred from a slab to the beams then to the columns and further to lower
columns and finally to the foundation which in turn transfers it to the soil. The walls in such structures are constructed
after the frame is ready.
• Advantages of Frame Structures
• One of the best advantages of frame structures is their ease in construction. it is very east to teach the labour at the
construction site.
• Frame structures can be constructed rapidly.
• Economy is also very important factor in the design of building systems. Frame structures have economical designs.
• Disadvantages of Frames:
• In frames structures, span lengths are usually restricted to 40 ft when normal reinforced concrete. Other wise spans
greater than that, can cause lateral deflections.
 FRAME STRUCTURES
TYPES OF FRAME STRUCTURES
 RIGID FRAME STRUCTURE: The word rigid means ability to resist the deformation. Rigid frame structures can
be defined as the structures in which beams & columns are made monolithically and act collectively to resist the
moments which are generating due to applied load.
 BRACED STRUCTURAL FRAMES: n this frame system, bracing are usually provided between beams and columns
to increase their resistance against the lateral forces and side ways forces due to applied load. Bracing is usually done by
placing the diagonal members between the beams and columns.
 This frame system provides more efficient resistance against the earthquake and wind forces. This frame system is more
effective than rigid frame system

RIGID FRAME STRUCTURE BRACED STRUCTURAL FRAMES

WALL BEARING CONSTRUCTION
• In wall or load bearing construction, all load of roof and structure is carried by walls down to its
foundation .
• This type of construction may not use supporting column or wood pillar.
• The size of walls needs to be bigger to carry all the loads.
• Further, there is limitation to construct long walls at a stretch. This is typically used in residential or 1–2
storied buildings.
• This is economical than RCC structure or steel frame structures.
• Load–bearing walls are one of the earliest forms of construction.
 SURFACE ACTIVE SYSTEMS
• These are systems of flexible or rigid planes able to resist tension,
compression or shear, in which the redirection of forces is effected by
mobilization of sectional forces. Examples are:
1. Plate structures
2. Folded structures
3. Shell structures
 FOLDED PLATES STRUCTURE
WHAT ARE FOLDED PLATES?
 Folded plates are assemblies of flat plates rigidly connected together
along their edges in such a way that the structural system capable of
carrying loads without the need for additional supporting beams
along mutual edges.
 Engineer Eudene Freyssinet performed the first roof with the folded
structure in 1923 as an aircraft hangar at Orly Airport in Paris.
THE PRINCIPLE OF FOLDING
The structural characteristics of folding structures depend on:
 The pattern of the folding.
 Their geometrical basic shape.
 Its material.
 The connection of the different folding planes.
 The design of the bearings.
 Movable form work can be employed.
 Form work required is relatively simpler.
 Design involves simpler calculations. The Concept Of Stiffness
Generation
 FOLDED PLATES STRUCTURE
STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF FOLDING
Load Distribution process :
 At first, the external forces are transferred to the shorter edge of one
folding element.
 There, the reaction as an axial force is divided between the adjacent
elements.
 Then the forces transferred to the bearings.
Classification of folded structures based on the material they are
made of:
 Folded structures made of reinforced concrete
 Metal folded structures
 Folded structures of wood
 Folded structures of glass
 Folded structures of plastic materials
 Folded constructions made in combination of different materials
 FOLDED PLATES STRUCTURE
ADVANTAGES:
 Very light form of construction. To span 30 m shell thickness required
is 60 mm only.
 The use of concrete as a building material reduces both materials cost
and a construction cost.
 Longer span can be provided.
 Flat shapes by choosing certain arched shapes.
 Aesthetically it looks good over other forms of construction.

DISADVANTAGES:
 Shuttering is difficult.
 Greater accuracy in formwork is required.
 Good labour and supervision necessary.
 Rise of roof may be a disadvantage.
 SHELL STRUCTURE
 They are light weight constructions using shell elements.
 Shell structures achieve the most pure synthesis of architectural and structural forms. Also known as ‘surface structures’,
shells resist and transfer loads within their minimal thicknesses.
 They rely upon their three-dimensional curved geometry and correct orientation and placement of supports for their
adequate structural performance.
 The essential ingredients of a shell structure in all of the foregoing examples are continuity and curvature.
 shells are structurally continuous in the sense that they can transmit forces in a number of different directions in the
surface of the shell, as required.
 Shell structures have quite a different mode of action from skeletal structures, of which simple examples are trusses,
frameworks, and trees because other structures are only capable of transmitting forces along their discrete structural.
 SHELL STRUCTURE
SHELL STRUCTURES CAN BE MADE OF SUCH MATERIALS AS:
 Reinforced thin-shell concrete.
 Glass.
 Steel.
 Glass & Steel.
 Plastic.
ADVANTAGE
 Allowing wide areas to be spanned without the use of internal supports, giving an open, unobstructed interior.
 No bending moment in shell structures.
 Shell structures are suited to carrying distributed loads not concentrated loads.
 Loads applied to shell surfaces are carried to the ground by the tensile, shear, compressive forces
 Span thickness ratio of 400-500 -Ex: 8cm Thickness.....30-38m Span
 Very light form of construction. to span 30.0 m shell thickness required is 60mm
 Dead load can be reduced economizing foundation and supporting system
 They further take advantage of the fact that arch shapes can span longer
DISADVANTAGES
 Shuttering problem
 Greater accuracy in formwork is required
 Good labor and supervision necessary