Topic 4 - Bearing

EXERCISE
 1. List type of belt drives

 2. List belt drive alignment procedures
 3. List type of chain drives
 4. List chain drive shaft and sprocket
alignment procedures
 5. List coupling and shaft alignment
procedures
UNGKU OMAR
TOPIC 4
BEARING
INTRODUCTION OF BEARING
 A bearing is a machine element that constrains
relative motion and reduces friction
between moving parts to only the desired
motion.
 The design of the bearing may, for example,
provide for free linear movement of the moving
part or for free rotation around a fixed axis; or,
it may prevent a motion by controlling
the vectors of normal forces that bear on the
moving parts. ROLLING
ELEMENT
INNER RACE
OUTER RACE
APPLICATION OF BEARING
There are at least 6 common application of bearing:
 Plain bearing also known by the specific styles:
bushing, journal bearing, sleeve bearing, rifle bearing
 Rolling-element bearing such as ball bearings and
roller bearings
 Jewel bearing in which the load is carried by rolling
the axle slightly off-center
 Fluid bearing in which the load is carried by a gas or
liquid
 Magnetic bearing in which the load is carried by
a magnetic field
 Flexure bearing in which the motion is supported by a
load element which bends.
TYPES OF BEARING BASED ON APPLICATION
Plain bearing Roller bearing Magnetic bearing Flexure bearing
Jewel bearing Fluid bearing

BEARING NOMUNCLATURE AND
CODE BASED ON ISO
BEARING SERVICE LIFE
 In light to normal load applications, metal
fatigue is rarely an issue, but grease life is a
limiting factor when determining the life of a
sealed bearing.
 Compared to standard SKF shielded deep groove
ball bearings, SKF deep groove ball bearings can
more than double the mean time between failure
due to reduced heat generated by the bearings
and the specially formulated SKF low-friction
grease.
 Recommended operating conditions for SKF
Energy Efficient deep groove ball bearings:
 P ≤ 0,125 C
 speeds greater than 1 000 r/min
DETERMINING THE SERVICE LIFE
OF THE GREASE
 Under the recommended operating conditions, the
service life of the grease in shielded SKF Energy
Efficient deep groove ball bearings defines the
service life of the bearing and can be estimated
using the grease life. The estimate is based on an
L10 grease life. This is defined as the period of
time, at the end of which, 90% of a sufficiently
large group of seemingly identical bearings are still
reliably lubricated.
 Grease life depends mainly on the following factors:
 Operating temperature
 Speed
 Load
MOUNTING AND DISMOUNTING
OF BEARING
 MOUNTING AND DISMOUNTING OF BEARINGS
The fundamental prerequisite for the correct
mounting and dismounting of bearings is
cleanliness of working site, tools, all components of
bearing arrangement, lubricant and bearings
themselves. Any contamination from foreign matter
will result in rapid deterioration of the bearings.
MOUNTING OF BEARINGS
Prepare all the equipment, parts and the necessary tools before
mounting. Ensure that they are clean. Bearings are supplied in
protective packages and should not be taken out earlier than
immediately before mounting so that they do not become dirty.
Rolling bearings can be mounted on the shaft either in cold or warm

condition. While large bearings are mounted by heating them in suitable
mineral oil up to a temperature of 70º to 90º C, small and medium size
bearings can usually be driven on to the shaft in cold condition with the
use of suitable mounting tools and a press. The force applied for pressing
must not be transmitted through the rolling elements, the necessary jig
must be placed so that it bears upon that ring which is being driven on,
and / or upon both rings simultaneously.
DISMOUNTING OF BEARINGS
Dismounting of bearings must be simple and must not damage the

bearings or adjacent components. Small and medium size bearings
can be dismounted by using a puller or other suitable withdrawal
tools. Large bearings generally require greater foresee for
dismounting and oil injection method is invariably used in such
cases. Induction hearts and thermo withdrawal tools are also used
for dismounting of heavy interference inner rings of cylindrical
roller bearings.
MECHANICAL TOOLS FOR MOUNTING AND
DISMOUNTING
CONCEPT TO ADJUSTING THE CLEARANCE
DURING INSTALLATION
METHODS OF MOUNTING
 Three basic methods to mount bearings :
- cold mounting
- temperature mounting
- hydraulic mounting.
TYPE OF BEARING FAILURES AND DAMAGE
1) FLAKING
EXAMPLE OF FLAKING DAMAGE
2) CRACKING, CHIPPING
EXAMPLE OF CRACKING DAMAGE
3) BRINELLING, NICKS
EXAMPLE OF BRINELLING DAMAGE
CONCEPT OF SEAL AND GASKET
 SEALS are usually defined as components or
assemblies which prevent the passage of
fluids between the moving parts of a
machine. Note that "fluid" may refer to
liquid, vapour or gas.
 Where the need arises to prevent the
leakage of fluid between two stationary
parts, different sealing components, often
called GASKETS.
Function of seal
 Some of the functions seals may be required
to perform are to:
- Prevent escape of lubricant.
- Prevent contamination.
- Prevent the ingress of dirt.
- Prevent pollution and environmental
damage.
Function of gasket
 The function of the gasket is to conform to
any surface irregularities or slight
misalignment between the two surfaces and
thereby to provide a complete seal.
Friction of bearing
• Reducing friction in bearings is often important for efficiency, to reduce
wear and to facilitate extended use at high speeds and to avoid
overheating and premature failure of the bearing. Essentially, a bearing
can reduce friction by virtue of its shape, by its material, or by
introducing and containing a fluid between surfaces or by separating the
surfaces with an electromagnetic field.
By shape, gains advantage usually by using spheres or rollers,
or by forming flexure bearings.
By material, exploits the nature of the bearing material used.
(An example would be using plastics that have low surface
friction.)
By fluid, exploits the low viscosity of a layer of fluid, such as a
lubricant or as a pressurized medium to keep the two solid
parts from touching, or by reducing the normal force between
them.
By fields, exploits electromagnetic fields, such as magnetic
fields, to keep solid parts from touching.
Temperature of bearing
• Bearing temperature generally rises with start-up and
stabilizes at a temperature slightly lower than at start-up
(normally 10 to 40 °Chigher than room temperature) in a
certain time. The time before stabilizing depends on the
size, type, speed, and lubrication system of the bearing
and the heat dissipation condition around the bearing. It
ranges from about 20 minutes to as long as several hours.
•High bearing temperature is not desirable in view of

maintaining an adequate service life and preventing
lubricant deterioration. A desirable bearing temperature
is generally below 100 °C
Major causes of high bearing
temperature :

(1) Extremely insufficient or excessive lubricant
(2) Poor installation of the bearings
(3) Extremely small bearing clearance or
extremely heavy load
(4) Extremely high friction between lip and seal
groove
(5) Improper lubricant type
(6) Creep between the fitting surfaces
OPERATING TEMPERATURE
WITH BEARING FRICTION
 Friction
- One of the main functions required of a bearing is that it
must have low friction. Under normal operating conditions
rolling bearings have a much smaller friction coefficient
than the slide bearings, especially starting friction.
 The friction coefficient for rolling bearings is expressed by
formula :
 Temperature rise
- Almost all friction loss in a bearing is
transformed into heat within the bearing itself
and causes the temperature of the bearing to
rise. The amount of thermal generation caused
by friction moment can be calculated using
formula
- Bearing operating temperature is determined by the

equilibrium or balance between the amount of heat
generated by the bearing and the amount of heat
conducted away from the bearing.
THE END

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EXERCISE

 1. List type of belt drives

Plain bearing Roller bearing Magnetic bearing Flexure bearing

Jewel bearing Fluid bearing

Rolling bearings can be mounted on the shaft either in cold or warm

Dismounting of bearings must be simple and must not damage the

•High bearing temperature is not desirable in view of

- Bearing operating temperature is determined by the

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