Lab 1

Programming with c++

What is Programming ?
• A programming language is a vocabulary and set of
grammatical rules for instructing a computer or computing
device to perform specific tasks. •

• The term programming language usually refers to high-level

languages, such as BASIC, C, C++, COBOL, Java, FORTRAN,
Ada, and Pascal.
What is C++ ?
• C++ is a cross-platform language that can be used to
create high-performance applications.
• C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup, as an
extension to the C language.
• C++ gives programmers a high level of control over
system resources and memory.
• The language was updated 4 major times in 2011,
2014, 2017, and 2020 to C++11, C++14, C++17, C+
+20.
Cont..
• A C++ program is a collection of one or more subprograms, called
functions
• What is Functions ?
• A function is a block of code that performs some operation. A function can
optionally define input parameters that enable callers to pass arguments into
the function. A function can optionally return a value as output.
Cont…
• Every C++ program has main function.
• Basic elements of C++ program
• Comments
• identifiers,
• keywords,
• operators,
• Literals, and
• special symbols.
Example code
• #include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
  cout << "Hello World!";
  return 0;
}
Primitive data types
Input and output

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
int num1 = 70;
double num2 = 256.783;
char ch = 'A’;

cout << num1 << endl; // print integer

cout << num2 << endl; // print double
cout << "character: " << ch << endl; // print char return 0; }
Cont…

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {

int num;
cout << "Enter an integer: ";
cin >> num; // Taking input
cout << "The number is: " << num;
return 0; }
Operators
• Arithmetic operators
• Increment and Decrement operators
• Assignment operator
• Relational operators
• Logical operators
• Conditional operators
• Bitwise operators
 Arthimetic
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int a, b;
a = 7;
b = 2;
// printing the sum of a and b
cout << "a + b = " << (a + b) << endl;

// printing the difference of a and b

cout << "a - b = " << (a - b) << endl;

// printing the product of a and b

cout << "a * b = " << (a * b) << endl;

// printing the division of a by b

cout << "a / b = " << (a / b) << endl;

// printing the modulo of a by b

cout << "a % b = " << (a % b) << endl;

return 0; }
 Increment and Decrement operators

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int a = 10, b = 100, result_a, result_b;

// incrementing a by 1 and storing the result in result_a

result_a = ++a;
cout << "result_a = " << result_a << endl;

// decrementing b by 1 and storing the result in result_b

result_b = --b;
cout << "result_b = " << result_b << endl;
return 0; }
Assignment operator
 Cont…
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int a, b;
// 2 is assigned to a
a = 2;

// 7 is assigned to b
b = 7;
cout << "a = " << a << endl;
cout << "b = " << b << endl;
cout << "\nAfter a += b;" << endl;

// assigning the sum of a and b to a

a += b;

// a = a +b
cout << "a = " << a << endl;
return 0; }
Relational
 Cont…
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int a, b;
a = 3;
b = 5;
bool result;

result = (a == b); // false

cout << "3 == 5 is " << result << endl;

result = (a != b); // true

cout << "3 != 5 is " << result << endl;

result = a > b; // false

cout << "3 > 5 is " << result << endl;

result = a < b; // true

cout << "3 < 5 is " << result << endl;

result = a >= b; // false

cout << "3 >= 5 is " << result << endl;

result = a <= b; // true

cout << "3 <= 5 is " << result << endl;

return 0; }
Logical Operator
 Cont…
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
bool result;
result = (3 != 5) && (3 < 5); // true
cout << "(3 != 5) && (3 < 5) is " << result << endl;

result = (3 == 5) && (3 < 5); // false

cout << "(3 == 5) && (3 < 5) is " << result << endl;

result = (3 == 5) && (3 > 5); // false

cout << "(3 == 5) && (3 > 5) is " << result << endl;

result = (3 != 5) || (3 < 5); // true

cout << "(3 != 5) || (3 < 5) is " << result << endl;

result = (3 != 5) || (3 > 5); // true

cout << "(3 != 5) || (3 > 5) is " << result << endl;

result = (3 == 5) || (3 > 5); // false

cout << "(3 == 5) || (3 > 5) is " << result << endl;

result = !(5 == 2); // true

cout << "!(5 == 2) is " << result << endl;

result = !(5 == 5); // false

cout << "!(5 == 5) is " << result << endl;
return 0; }
Type Conversion
• C++ allows us to convert data of one type to that of another. This is
known as type conversion.

• There are two types of type conversion in C++.

1.Implicit Conversion
2.Explicit Conversion (also known as Type Casting)
Implicit
• The type conversion that is done automatically done by the compiler is
known as implicit type conversion. This type of conversion is also
known as automatic conversion.
• Let us look at two examples of implicit type conversion.
 Cont…
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
// assigning an int value to num_int
int num_int = 9;

// declaring a double type variable

double num_double;

// implicit conversion
// assigning int value to a double variable
num_double = num_int;

cout << "num_int = " << num_int << endl;

cout << "num_double = " << num_double << endl;

return 0; }
Cont…
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int num_int;
double num_double = 9.99;

// implicit conversion
// assigning a double value to an int variable
num_int = num_double;

cout << "num_int = " << num_int << endl;

cout << "num_double = " << num_double << endl;
return 0; }
Cont…
Explicit Conversion
• When the user manually changes data from one type to another, this is
known as explicit conversion. This type of conversion is also known
as type casting.
• There are three major ways in which we can use explicit conversion in
C++. They are:
1.C-style type casting (also known as cast notation)
2.Function notation (also known as old C++ style type casting)
3.Type conversion operators
C-style Type Casting
• As the name suggests, this type of casting is favored by the C
programming language. It is also known as cast notation.
Cont…

// initializing int variable

int num_int = 26;

// declaring double variable

double num_double;

// converting from int to double

num_double = (double)num_int;
Function-style Casting
• We can also use the function like notation to cast data from one type to
another.
Cont…

// initializing int variable

int num_int = 26;
// declaring double variable
double num_double;
// converting from int to double
num_double = double(num_int);
 Type casting
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
// initializing a double variable
double num_double = 3.56;
cout << "num_double = " << num_double << endl;

// C-style conversion from double to int

int num_int1 = (int)num_double;
cout << "num_int1 = " << num_int1 << endl;

// function-style conversion from double to int

int num_int2 = int(num_double);
cout << "num_int2 = " << num_int2 << endl;

return 0; }
Type Conversion Operators

Besides these two type castings, C++ also has four

operators for type conversion.
They are known as type conversion operators. They
are:
•static_cast
•dynamic_cast
•const_cast
•reinterpret_cast
Flow Control (If …Else)
• In computer programming, we use the if...else statement to run one
block of code under certain conditions and another block of code
under different conditions.
IF … Else
• There are three forms of if...else statements in C++.

• if statement
• if...else statement
• if...else if...else statement
IF statement
if (condition) {
// body of if statement
}

• The if statement evaluates the condition inside the parentheses ( ).

• If the condition evaluates to true, the code inside the body of if is
executed.
• If the condition evaluates to false, the code inside the body of if is
skipped.
IF Statement illustration
 Code example
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int number;

cout << "Enter an integer: ";

cin >> number;

// checks if the number is positive

if (number > 0) {
cout << "You entered a positive integer: " << number << endl;
}

cout << "This statement is always executed.";

return 0; }
IF … Else
• The if statement can have an optional else clause. Its syntax is:

if (condition) {
// block of code if condition is true
}
else {
// block of code if condition is false
}
IF … Else statement illustration
Cont…
• If the condition evaluates true,
• the code inside the body of if is executed
• the code inside the body of else is skipped from execution

• If the condition evaluates false,

• the code inside the body of else is executed
• the code inside the body of if is skipped from execution
 Code Example
// Program to check whether an integer is positive or negative
// This program considers 0 as a positive number
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int number;
cout << "Enter an integer: ";
cin >> number;

if (number >= 0) {
cout << "You entered a positive integer: " << number << endl;
}
else {
cout << "You entered a negative integer: " << number << endl;
}
cout << "This line is always printed.";
return 0; }
if...else...else if statement
• The if...else statement is used to execute a block of code among two alternatives. However, if
we need to make a choice between more than two alternatives, we use the if...else if...else
statement.

if (condition1) {
// code block 1
}
else if (condition2){
// code block 2
}
else {
// code block 3
}
IF … Else if … else statement illustration
 Code Example
// Program to check whether an integer is positive, negative or zero
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int number;
cout << "Enter an integer: ";
cin >> number;
if (number > 0) {
cout << "You entered a positive integer: " << number << endl;
}
else if (number < 0) {
cout << "You entered a negative integer: " << number << endl;
}
else {
cout << "You entered 0." << endl;
}
cout << "This line is always printed.";
return 0;
}
Nested if...else

// outer if statement
if (condition1) {
// statements

// inner if statement
if (condition2) {
// statements
}
}
 Code Example
// C++ program to find if an integer is positive, negative or zero
// using nested if statements

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {

int num;

cout << "Enter an integer: ";

cin >> num;

// outer if condition
if (num != 0) {

// inner if condition
if (num > 0) {
cout << "The number is positive." << endl;
}
// inner else condition
else {
cout << "The number is negative." << endl;
}
}
// outer else condition
else {
cout << "The number is 0 and it is neither positive nor negative." << endl;
}
cout << "This line is always printed." << endl;
return 0;
}
Switch Statement
• The switch statement allows us to execute a block of code among
many alternatives.

• The syntax of the switch statement in C++ is:

 Syntax
switch (expression) {
case constant1:
// code to be executed if
// expression is equal to constant1;
break;

case constant2:
// code to be executed if
// expression is equal to constant2;
break;
.
.
.
default:
// code to be executed if
// expression doesn't match any constant
}
Flowchart
 Code Example
// Program to build a simple calculator using switch Statement
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {

char oper; float num1, num2;

cout << "Enter an operator (+, -, *, /): ";

cin >> oper;

cout << "Enter two numbers: " << endl;

cin >> num1 >> num2;

switch (oper) {
case '+’:
cout << num1 << " + " << num2 << " = " << num1 + num2;
break;
case '-’:
cout << num1 << " - " << num2 << " = " << num1 - num2;
break;
case '*’:
cout << num1 << " * " << num2 << " = " << num1 * num2;
break;
case '/’:
cout << num1 << " / " << num2 << " = " << num1 / num2;
break;
default:
// operator is doesn't match any case constant (+, -, *, /)
cout << "Error! The operator is not correct";
break;
}
return 0;
}
Looping (Iterative) Statements
• for loop
• while loop
• do...while loop