Here are dot and cross diagrams for the requested molecules:
H2:
H - H
Cl2:
Cl - Cl
O2:
O = O
N2:
N ≡ N
HCl:
H - Cl
H2O:
H - O - H
NH3:
H - N - H
|
H - H
CH4:
H - C - H
| |
H - H
|
H - H
CO2:
O = C = O
C2H6:
H - C - C - H
| |
H - H
|
Here are dot and cross diagrams for the requested molecules:
H2:
H - H
Cl2:
Cl - Cl
O2:
O = O
N2:
N ≡ N
HCl:
H - Cl
H2O:
H - O - H
NH3:
H - N - H
|
H - H
CH4:
H - C - H
| |
H - H
|
H - H
CO2:
O = C = O
C2H6:
H - C - C - H
| |
H - H
|
Here are dot and cross diagrams for the requested molecules:
H2:
H - H
Cl2:
Cl - Cl
O2:
O = O
N2:
N ≡ N
HCl:
H - Cl
H2O:
H - O - H
NH3:
H - N - H
|
H - H
CH4:
H - C - H
| |
H - H
|
H - H
CO2:
O = C = O
C2H6:
H - C - C - H
| |
H - H
|
Here are dot and cross diagrams for the requested molecules:
H2:
H - H
Cl2:
Cl - Cl
O2:
O = O
N2:
N ≡ N
HCl:
H - Cl
H2O:
H - O - H
NH3:
H - N - H
|
H - H
CH4:
H - C - H
| |
H - H
|
H - H
CO2:
O = C = O
C2H6:
H - C - C - H
| |
H - H
|
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Covalent Bonding
As well as properties of ionic bonding
• Draw dot and cross diagrams for the following ionic compounds • MgS: magnesium sulfide Starter • MgSe: magnesium selenide • CaCl: calcium chloride • KBr: potassium bromide • Li2O: lithium oxide • Ionic compounds are made of charged particles called ions which form a giant lattice structure • Ionic substances have high melting and boiling Properties – Giant points due to the presence of strong electrostatic forces acting between the oppositely charged ions ionic lattice • These forces act in all directions and a lot of energy is required to overcome them Properties • Ionic compounds are usually solid at room temperature and are non- volatile • They have high melting and boiling points • They are usually water soluble as both ionic compounds and water are polar substances • Polarity - in chemical bonding, the distribution of electrical charge over the atoms joined by the bond. • For electrical current to flow there must be present freely moving charged particles such as electrons or ions • Ionic compounds can conduct Properties- electricity in the molten state or conductivity in solution as they have ions that can move and carry charge • They cannot conduct electricity in the solid state as the ions are in fixed positions within the lattice and are unable to move Properties - EXTENTION • Ionic substances have high melting and boiling points due to the presence of strong electrostatic forces acting between the oppositely charged ions • These forces act in all directions and a lot of energy is required to overcome them • The greater the charge on the ions, the stronger the electrostatic forces and the higher the melting point will be • For example, magnesium oxide consists of Mg2+ and O2- so will have a higher melting point than sodium chloride which contains the ions, Na+ and Cl- • For electrical current to flow there must be freely moving charged particles such as electrons or ions present • Ionic compounds are good conductors of electricity in the molten state or in solution as they have ions that can move and carry a charge • They are poor conductors in the solid state as the ions are in fixed positions within the lattice and are unable to move Covalent bonds What is a covalent bond?
• Non-metal atoms can share electrons with other non-metal
atoms to obtain a full outer shell of electrons • When atoms share pairs of electrons, they form covalent bonds • Covalent bonds between atoms are very strong • When two or more atoms are chemically bonded together, they form ‘molecules’ • Covalently bonded substances may consist of small molecules or giant molecules More about covalent bonds • Weak intermolecular forces exist between individual molecules • E.g. Each liquid water molecule consists of two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to an oxygen atom, and in between two individual water molecules there are weak intermolecular forces • Shared electrons are called bonding electrons and occur in pairs • Electrons on the outer shell which are not involved in the covalent bond(s) are called non-bonding electrons • Simple covalent molecules do not conduct electricity as they do not contain free electrons • Covalent substances tend to have small molecular structures, such as Cl2, H2O or CO2 • These small molecules are known as simple molecules • Small covalent molecules can be Covalent dot- represented by dot and cross diagrams and-cross • You need to be able to describe and draw the structures of the following molecules using dot-and-cross diagrams: hydrogen (H2), chlorine (Cl2), oxygen (O2), nitrogen (N2), hydrogen chloride (HCl), water (H2O), ammonia (NH3) and methane (CH4) Practice Problems • Easy – • Harder - • H2 • Carbon dioxide • Cl2 • Methane • Ethane (C2H6) • Medium – • O2 • Challenge – • Nitrogen (Remember diatomics) • Ethene (C2H4) • Hydrogen Chloride • HCN (MOST DIFFICULT) • Water • ammonia
