Module 6 - Four Step Rule Differentiation Formulas
Module 6 - Four Step Rule Differentiation Formulas
DIFFERENTIATION OF ALGEBRAIC
FUNCTIONS
OBJECTIVES:
•to define the derivative of a function
•to find the derivative of a function by
increment method (4-step rule)
•to identify the different rules of differentiation
and distinguish one from the other;
•prove the different rules of differentiation using
the increment method;
•find the derivative of an algebraic function using
the basic rules of differentiation; and
•extend these basic rules to other “complex”
algebraic functions.
Derivative of a Function
f ( x1 x) f ( x1 )
m PQ
x
If we let x2 approach x1, then the point Q
will move along the curve and approach
point P. As point Q approaches P, the value
of Δx approaches zero and the secant line
through P and Q approaches a limiting
position, then we will consider that position
to be the position of the tangent line at P.
y
tangent line
P ( x1 , f ( x1 )) Q( x 2 , f ( x 2 ))
secant line
y y f (x)
x) f ( x1 )
x
x x 2 x1
x 2 x1 x
Thus, we make the following definition.
DEFINITION:
Suppose that x1 is in the domain of the function
f, the tangent line to the curve y=f(x) at the point
P(x1,f(x1)) is the line with equation,
y f ( x1 ) m( x x1 )
f ( x1 x ) f ( x1 )
where m lim provided
x 0 x
the limit exists, and P ( x1 , f ( x1 )) is the point
of tangency.
DEFINITION
The derivative of y = f(x) at point P on the
curve is equal to the slope of the tangent line at
P, thus the derivative of the function f given by
y= f(x) with respect to x at any x in its domain is
defined as:
dy y f ( x x) f ( x)
lim lim
dx x 0 x x 0 x
provided the limit exists.
Other notations for the derivative of a function are:
d
D x y, D x f ( x), y ' , f ' , f ' ( x), and f ( x)
dx
Note:
To find the slope of the tangent line to the curve at point
P means that we are to find the value of the derivative at
that point P.
2
y 1 x 2 xx x 1 x 2
2
2
y 2 xx x
y x 2 x x
c.
x x
dy
1. Find u sin g the four step rule given y 1 x 2 .
dx
EXAMPLE 2. Find dy u sin g the four step rule given y 2 x 1
dx 1 2x
2( x x ) 1
a. y y
1 2( x x )
2( x x ) 1 2 x 1
b. y
1 2( x x ) 1 2 x
y
2 x 2x 11 2 x 2 x 11 2 x 2x
1 2 x 2x 1 2 x )
2 x 2 x 1 4 x 2 4 xx 2 x 2 x 4 x 2 4 xx 1 2 x 2x
y
1 2 x 2x 1 2 x )
y 4 x
c.
x x( 1 2 x 2x )( 1 2 x )
y 4
d . lim lim
x 0 x x 0 ( 1 2 x 2 x )( 1 2 x )
dy 4
dx ( 1 2 x )2
dy 2x 1
2. Find u sin g the four step rule given y
dx 1 2x
EXAMPLE
dy
3. Find u sin g the four step rule given y x 1 when x 10
dx
a. y y x x 1 when x 10,
dy 1 1 1
b. y x x 1 x 1
dx 2 10 1 2( 3 ) 6
y x x 1 x 1
c.
x x
y x x 1 x 1 x x 1 x 1
d. lim lim
x 0 x x 0 x x x 1 x 1
x x 1 x 1
lim
x 0 x
x x 1 x 1
x
lim
x 0 x
x x 1 x 1
y 1
lim lim
x 0 x x 0 x x 1 x 1
dy 1
dx 2 x 1
dy
3. Find u sin g the four step rule given y x 1 when x 10
dx
DIFFERENTIATION
OF
ALGEBRAIC
FUNCTIONS
The increment-method (four-step rule) of finding the derivative of a function
gives us the basic procedures of differentiation. However these rules are laborious
and tedious when the functions to be differentiated are “complex”, that is,
functions with large exponents, functions with fractional exponents and other
rational functions
Understanding of the theorems of differentiation is very important. This is
the heart of differential calculus. All of the succeeding topics such as
applications of derivatives, differentiation of transcendental functions etc. will
be dependent on these theorems. Understanding of these theorems will enable
us to calculate derivatives more efficiently and will make calculus easy and
enjoyable.
DIFFERENTIATION FORMULAS
Derivative of a Constant
2. y 25 4. h(x) log 3 4
dy
0 h' (x) 0
dx
DIFFERENTIATION FORMULAS
Derivatives of Power Functions
Theorem: ( Power Rule) If n is a positive integer,
then, d n n 1
[ x ] nx
dx
In words, to differentiate a power
function, decrease the constant exponent
by one and multiply the resulting power
function by the original exponent .
Example : Differenti ate the following functions
1. y x 4 3. f(x) x 8
y' 4 x 4 1 f' (x) -8 x 8 1
3 9 8
y' 4 x f' (x) -8 x 9
x
6
2. y x 7
4. F(x) x log3 4
6
dy 6 7 1
F' (x) log 3 4 x
log3 4 1
x
dx 7
6 7 1
dy 6 6 6 6 7 x6
x 7 7
x 7
7
dx 7 7 7 x 7x
DIFFERENTIATION FORMULAS
Derivative of a Constant Times a Function
Theorem: ( Constant Multiple Rule) If f is a
differentiable function at x and
c is any real number, then cf is
also differentiable at x and
d d
cf ( x) c f ( x)
dx dx
In words, the derivative of a constant
times a function is the constant times the
derivative of the function, if this derivative
exists.
Proof:
d cf ( x x) cf ( x)
cf ( x) lim
dx x 0 x
f ( x x) f ( x)
lim c
x 0
x
f ( x x) f ( x)
c lim
x 0 x
d
c f (x)
dx
Example : Differentiate the following functions
1. y 5 x 8 3. f(x) 9 x 4
y' 5 8 x 7
f' (x) 9 - 4 x 4 1
7 5 36
y' 40 x f' (x) 36 x 5
x
2
4 3
2. y 5 x 5
4. F(r) r
3
2
dy 2 5 1 4
5 x F' (r) 3 r 4 r 2
2
dx 5 3
2 5 3 5 2
dy 2 2 x
2 x 5 5 2 x 5
dx 5
x3 x
DIFFERENTIATION FORMULAS
Derivatives of Sums or Differences
Theorem: ( Sum or Difference Rule) If f and g are
both differentiable functions at x, then so
are f + g and f – g, and
d d d
f g f g or
dx dx dx
d d d
f ( x) g ( x) f ( x) g ( x)
dx dx dx
In words, the derivative of a sum or of a
difference equals the sum or difference of
their derivatives, if these derivatives exist.
Proof:
3
4 2 2 4 3
2. y 6 x 2 x 4x 5 x 9 2
4. F(r) r r
3
1
dy 15 4
F' (r) - 2r -3 3 r
2
24 x 5 - 4x - 4 - x 2
dx 2 3
dy 24 15 21 - 2
5 - 4x - 4 - x F' (r) 3 4r 2
dx x 2 r
DIFFERENTIATION FORMULAS
Derivative of a Product
Theorem: (The Product Rule) If f and g are both
differentiable functions at x, then so is the
product f ● g, and
d dg df
f g f g or
dx dx dx
d d d
f ( x) g ( x) f ( x) [ g ( x)] g ( x) f ( x)
dx dx dx
In words the derivative of a product of two
functions is the first function times the derivative
of the second plus the second function times the
derivative of the first, if these derivatives exist.
Proof:
d f ( x x) g ( x x) f ( x) g ( x)
[ f ( x) g ( x)] lim
dx x 0 x
f ( x x) g ( x x) f ( x x) g ( x) f ( x x) g ( x) f ( x) g ( x)]
lim
x0 x
g ( x x) g ( x) f ( x x) f ( x)
lim f ( x x) g ( x)
x 0
x x
g ( x x) g ( x) f ( x x) f ( x)
lim f ( x x) lim lim g ( x) lim
x 0 x 0 x x 0 x 0 x
lim f ( x x
x 0
d
dx
g ( x) lim
x 0
g ( x)
d
dx
f ( x )
Example : Differenti ate the following functions and simplify .
1. y 3 x 4 4 x 2 3
y' 3 x 4 8 x 4 x 2
3 3
y' 24x 2 32x 12x 2 - 9
y' 36x 2 32x - 9
2. y x 3 1 5 - 2x
y' x 3
1- 2 5 - 2x 3x
2
y' -20 10 x 3 30 x 3 15 x 2
y' 40 x 3 15 x 2 - 20
y' 5 8x 3 3 x 2 4
DIFFERENTIATION FORMULAS
Derivative of a Quotient
Theorem: (The Quotient Rule) If f and g are both
differentiable functions at x, and if g(x) ≠ 0
then f/g is differentiable at x and
df dg
g f
d f
dx 2 dx or
dx g g
d d
g ( x) f ( x) f ( x) g ( x)
d f ( x) dx dx
dx g ( x) g ( x)2
In words, the derivative of a quotient of
two functions is the fraction whose
numerator is the denominator times the
derivative of the numerator minus the
numerator times the derivative of the
denominator and whose denominator is
the square of the given denominator
Note:
The proof is left for the students .
Example : Differenti ate the following functions and simplify .
4 x2 3
1. y
1 2x
y'
1 2 x 8 x 4 x 2 3 2
1 2 x 2
8 x 16 x 2 8 x 2 6
y'
1 2 x 2
8 x2 8 x 6
y'
1 2 x 2
y'
2 4 x2 4 x 3
1 2 x 2
DIFFERENTIATION FORMULAS
Derivatives of Composition
Theorem: (The Chain Rule) If g is differentiable at
x and if f is differentiable at g(x), then the
composition f ◦ g is differentiable at x.
Moreover, if y=f(g(x)) and u=g(x) then y=f(u)
and
dy dy du
dx du dx
or
d un
nu n 1 du
dx dx
Example : Differenti ate the following functions and simplify .
2
1. y 3x 10 x 15 5
y' 5 3x 10 x 15 6x - 10
2
4
3
5
2. G(x)
x -1
2
5 5 125
G' (x) 3 3
2
4
x -1 x 1 x 1
3. y 3x 14 x 5
4
2. y 5 2 x 4 x 5
1
y 2 x 4 x 5 5
1 1
y' 2 x 4 x 5 5 2 x 4 1 x 5 2
1
5
1 4
y' 2 x 4 x 5 5 2 x 4 2 x 10
5
1 4
y' 2 x 4 x 5 5 4 x 14
5
1 4
y' 2 x 4 x 5 5 2 x 4 2 x 10
5
1 4
y' 2 x 4 x 5 5 4 x 14
5
22 x 7
y' 4
52 x 4 x 5 5
EXERCISES
I. Find the derivative of the following functions
using the four-step rule .
6. y ax b
2
2
1. f ( x ) 4 x 5 x
2. f ( x ) x
1
2
2 3 2
7. y x 3 x 3 x 1
1
3
2 2x 3
3. f ( x ) 8. y
x1 1 2x
x1 9. y ( 2 x )( x 3 )
4. y
x
5. y 4 x 3 10. y 1 x 3
2
2
1. f ( x ) 4 x 5 x 3. f ( x )
x1
1
2. f ( x ) x 2
2
x1 5. y 4 x 3 7. y x 3 3
4. y
x
6. y ax b
2
10. y 1 x 3
EXERCISES
II. Find the derivative of the following functions
using the four-step rule .
ds
1. Given s t 2 , find
dt
2 dA
2. Given A r , find
dr
4 3 dV
3. Given V r , find
3 dr
2t 3 dS
4.Given S , find
3t 4 dr
ds
2 , find
dt
dA
find
dr
3 dV
, find
dr
3 dS
, find
dr
ds
2 , find
dt
dA
find
dr
3 dV
, find
dr
3 dS
, find
dr
ds
2 , find
dt
dA
find
dr
3 dV
, find
dr
3 dS
, find
dr
EXERCISES
III. Evaluate the derivative of the following functions
using the four-step rule with the indicated value
of x.
1 6. If f ( x ) x 3 3 x 2 ,
1. y when x 8.
2x find the values of x
x-2 for which f ' ( x ) 0
2. y when x 6.
x-3
a2
3. y when x a
ax
4. y x 12 x 3 when x 5
5. y x 3 1 when x 3 4
hen x 8.
when x 6.
when x a
2 x 3 when x 5
when x 3 4
hen x 8.
when x 6.
when x a
2 x 3 when x 5
when x 3 4
hen x 8.
when x 6.
when x a
2 x 3 when x 5
when x 3 4