Networking

Fundamentals

McGraw-Hill
9A-1 Technology Education Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Objectives

9A-2
 Network Definition
• Set of technologies that connects
computers
• Allows communication and collaboration
between users

9A-3
 What is a Network?
• A network refers to two or more connected computers that
can share resources such as data, a printer, an Internet
connection, applications, or a combination of these
resources.
 The Uses of a Network
• Simultaneous access to data
– Data files are shared
• Access can be limited
– Shared files stored on a server
– Software can be shared
• Site licenses
• Network versions
• Application servers

9A-5
 The Uses of a Network
• Shared peripheral device
– Printers and faxes are common shares
– Reduces the cost per user
– Devices can be connected to the network
– Print servers control network printing
• Manage the print queue

9A-6
 Sharing Data

File server contains documents

9A-7
 The Uses of a Network
• Personal communication
– Email
• Instantaneous communication
– Conferencing
• Tele conferencing
• Videoconferencing
• Audio-conferencing
• Data-conferencing
– Voice over IP
• Phone communication over network wires

9A-8
 Voice Over IP

9A-9
 The Uses of a Network
• Easier data backup
– Backup copies data to removable media
– Server data backed up in one step

9A-10
 Types of Networks

Local Area Network (LAN)

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

Wide Area Network (WAN)

9A-12
 Common Network Types
• Wide Area Networks (WAN)
– Two or more LANs connected
– Over a large geographic area
– Typically use public or leased lines
• Phone lines
• Satellite
– The Internet is a WAN

9A-13
 Hybrid Network Types
• Campus Area Networks (CAN)
– A LAN in one large geographic area
– Resources related to the same organization
– Each department shares the LAN

9A-14
 Hybrid Network Types
• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
– Large network that connects different
organizations
– Shares regional resources
– A network provider sells time

9A-15
 Hybrid Network Types
• Home Area Network (HAN)
– Small scale network
– Connects computers and entertainment
appliances
– Found mainly in the home

9A-16
 Hybrid Network Types
• Personal Area Network (PAN)
– Very small scale network
– Range is less than 2 meters
– Cell phones, PDAs, MP3 players

9A-17
 How Networks Are Structured
• Server based network
– Node is any network device
– Servers control what the node accesses
– Users gain access by logging in
– Server is the most important computer

9A-18
 How Networks Are Structured
• Client/Server network
– Nodes and servers share data roles
– Nodes are called clients
– Servers are used to control access
– Database software
• Access to data controlled by server
– Server is the most important computer

9A-19
 How Networks Are Structured
• Peer to peer networks (P2PN)
– All nodes are equal
– Nodes access resources on other nodes
– Each node controls its own resources
– Most modern OS allow P2PN
– Distributing computing is a form
– Kazaa

9A-20
 Network Topologies
• Topology
– Logical layout of wires and equipment
– Choice affects
• Network performance
• Network size
• Network collision detection
– Several different types

9A-21
 Network Topologies
• Packets
– Pieces of data transmitted over a network
• Packets are created by sending node
• Data is reassembled by receiving node
– Packet header
• Sending and receiving address
– Packet payload
• Number and size of data
• Actual data
– Packet error control
9A-22
Network Topologies: Bus
Topology

SEGMENT
Terminator Terminator
 Network Topologies
• Bus topology
– Also called linear bus
– One wire connects all nodes
– Terminator ends the wires
– Advantages
• Easy to setup
• Small amount of wire
– Disadvantages
• Slow
• Easy to crash
9A-24
 Network Topologies
• Star topology
– All nodes connect to a hub
• Packets sent to hub
• Hub sends packet to destination
– Advantages
• Easy to setup
• One cable can not crash network
– Disadvantages
• One hub crashing downs entire network
• Uses lots of cable
– Most common topology
9A-25
Network Topologies: Star Topology

Hub
 Star Topology

9A-27
 Network Topologies
• Ring topology
– Nodes connected in a circle
– Tokens used to transmit data
• Nodes must wait for token to send
– Advantages
• Time to send data is known
• No data collisions
– Disadvantages
• Slow
• Lots of cable

9A-28
 Ring Topology

9A-29
 Network Topologies
• Mesh topology
– All computers connected together
– Internet is a mesh network
– Advantage
• Data will always be delivered
– Disadvantages
• Lots of cable
• Hard to setup

9A-30
 Mesh Topology

9A-31
 Network Media
• Links that connect nodes
• Choice impacts
– Speed
– Security
– Size

9A-32
 Wire Based Media
• Twisted-pair cabling
– Most common LAN
cable
– Called Cat5 or
100BaseT
– Four pairs of copper
cable twisted
– May be shielded from
interference
– Speeds range from
1 Mbps to 1,000 Mbps

9A-33
 Wire Based Media
• Coaxial cable
– Similar to cable TV wire
– One wire runs through cable
– Shielded from interference
– Speeds up to 10 Mbps
– Nearly obsolete

9A-34
 Wire Based Media
• Fiber-optic cable
– Data is transmitted
with light pulses
– Glass strand instead
of cable
– Immune to
interference
– Very secure
– Hard to work with
– Speeds up to
100 Gbps

9A-35
 Wireless Media
• Data transmitted through the air
• LANs use radio waves
• WANs use microwave signals
• Easy to setup
• Difficult to secure

9A-36
 Network Hardware
• Network interface cards
– Network adapter
– Connects node to the media
– Unique Machine Access Code (MAC)

9A-37
Network Interface Card
 Hub or Repeater
• A hub (concentrator) is a device that repeats the signals it
receives on one port to all other ports. It is a central
connection point for several network devices.

Hub
 Network Hardware
• Network linking devices
– Connect nodes in the network
– Cable runs from node to device
– Crossover cable connects two computers

9A-40
 Network Hardware
• Hubs
– Center of a star network
– All nodes receive transmitted packets
– Slow and insecure

9A-41
Hub (Multiport Repeater)
 Network Hardware
• Switches
– Replacement for hubs
– Only intended node receives transmission
– Fast and secure

9A-43
 Network Switches

9A-44
 Network Cabinet

9A-45
 Network Hardware
• Bridge
– Connects two or more LANs together
– Packets sent to remote LAN cross
• Other packets do not cross
– Segments the network on MAC addresses

9A-46
 Network Hardware
• Router
– Connects two or more LANs together
– Packets sent to remote LAN cross
– Network is segmented by IP address
– Connect internal networks to the Internet
– Need configured before installation

9A-47
 Router

9A-48
 Network Hardware
• Gateway
– Connects two dissimilar networks
– Connects coax to twisted pair
– Most gateways contained in other devices

9A-49
 Network Cabling
• Cabling specifications
– Bandwidth measures cable speed
• Typically measured in Mbps
– Maximum cable length
– Connector describes the type of plug

9A-50
 Network Cabling
• Ethernet
– Very popular cabling technology
– 10 Base T, 10Base2, 10Base5
– Maximum bandwidth 10 Mbps
– Maximum distances100 to 500 meters

9A-51
 Network Cabling
• Fast Ethernet
– Newer version of Ethernet
– Bandwidth is 100 Mbps
– Uses Cat5 or greater cable
• Sometimes called 100Base T
– Requires a switch

9A-52
 Network Cabling
• Gigabit Ethernet
– High bandwidth version of Ethernet
– 1 to 10 Gbps
– Cat 5 or fiber optic cable
– Video applications

9A-53
 Network Cabling
• Token ring
– Uses shielded twisted pair cabling
– Bandwidth between 10 and 25 Mbps
– Uses a multiple access unit (MAU)
– Popular in manufacturing and finance

9A-54
 Network Protocols
• Language of the network
– Rules of communication
– Error resolution
– Defines collision and collision recovery
– Size of packet
– Naming rules for computers

9A-55
 Network Protocols
• TCP/IP
– Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol
– Most popular protocol
– Machines assigned a name of 4 numbers
• IP address
• 209.8.166.179 is the White House’s web site
– Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
• Simplifies assignment of IP addresses
– Required for Internet access
9A-56
 Network Protocols
• IPX/SPX
– Internet Packet Exchange/Sequenced
Packet Exchange
– Older protocol
– Associated with Novell Netware
– Replaced by TCP/IP

9A-57
 Network Protocols
• NetBEUI
– Network BIOS Extended User Interface
– Used by Windows to name computers
– Transmission details handled by TCP/IP

9A-58
 Network Protocols
• Token ring
– Popular in manufacturing and finance
– Nodes communicate when they have the
token

9A-59
 Chapter 9A

End of Chapter

McGraw-Hill Technology Education Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.