Internal Combustion Engine

Fuel injection systems in
internal
combustion engines
Introduction
• Fuel-Injection System is vital to the working and
performance of CI engine
• This system serves the purpose of initiating and
controlling the combustion to meet the demand
requirements.
• The main purpose of the fuel injection system is to deliver
fuel into the cylinders of an engine. In order for the engine
to effectively make use of this fuel:
1. Fuel must be injected at the proper time
2. The correct amount of fuel must be delivered to
aaaaaaaaa meet power requirement
2
Types of Fuel Injection System
• The diesel injection 1. Direct Injection (DI)

system can be classified • Direct-injection diesel engine have
into 2 types: been widely used on heavy duty
applications
1.Direct Injection
2.Indirect injection
2. Indirect Injection
• Diesel engine does not require a
spark plug to ignite the air-fuel
mixture. Because the diesel fuel
has a lower self-ignition
temperature
3
Fuel Injection System
• All the FI systems comprise of following components:

 Fuel tank
 Fuel feed pump to supply fuel from fuel tank to FI system
 Injection pump to pressurize the fuel for injection
 Governor to ensure that the amount of fuel injected is in accordance with variation of load
 Injector to take the fuel from the pump and distribute it in the combustion chamber by atomizing it into fine
droplets
 Fuel filters to prevent dust and abrasive particles from entering the pump & injectors to reduce wear & tear of
components
4
Application of fuel system onboard a container ship
System Component
• viscometer
- A viscometer (also called viscosimeter) is an instrument used to
measure the viscosity of a fluid
- According to the ISO standard the kinematic viscosity of heavy • fuel injection pump
fuels should be specified in100 cSt at 100°C. This is a cam operated jerk pump with a helical groove on the
- For pumping the viscosity should not exceed 500 cSt , for plunger to control the fuel cut-off and therefore the quantity of
separating in a centrifuge 40 cSt and for injection 15 cSt fuel delivered to the cylinder for combustion.
6
System Component
• fuel injector
- A fuel valve is installed in the cylinder head. A high pressure
fuel injection pipe connects the injector and high pressure fuel
pump in the jerk type system and with the accumulator of
common rail fuel injection system.
- The pressure In some application is up to 400 bar.
7
System Component
• nozzle
Types of nozzles
- The nozzle sprays the liquid fuel. The functions of the nozzle are:
 atomization
 distribution of fuel to the required area
 non-impingement on the walls.
 Non- dribbling.
8
System Component
• Timing
- The desired timing takes into account all the delays and
dynamic effects between the cam and the moment of ignition.
The desired timing is that which ensures that combustion starts
and continues while the cylinder pressure generated can press
on the piston and crank with the greatest mechanical
advantage
- The injection is starting about 10-15 degrees BTDC.
- And is complete before the exhaust valve opens at 110–130
degrees
9
conclusion
• Injection pressures during the whole process should be above 1000–1200 bar for a good spray formation and air–fuel mixture; a
tendency in practice to 1600–1800 bar and higher is noted.
• Total nozzle area should be as small as possible in relation to cylinder diameter for good combustion.
• Total injection duration should be 20 degrees
• Electronically-controlled adjustment of injection timing should be applied for optimized NOx emissions at all loads, speeds and
other parameters.
• The load from the torque of the injection equipment on the camshaft and/or the gear train should be as low as possible in
order to prevent unwanted additional stresses and noise.
• For safety reasons, even a total breakdown of electrical and other power supplies should not result in the engine stopping.
10
References
• https://gomechanic.in/blog/diesel-injection-sys
tems/#:~:text=Now%20diving%20into%20ut
most%20detail,Direct%20Injection%20and%
20Indirect%20injection
.
• http://generalcargoship.com/auxiliary-engine-
common-fuel-injector.html
• http://generalcargoship.com/auxiliary-engine-
fuel-pump.html
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineer
ing/fuel-injection-system
• Pounder’s Marine Diesel Engines and Gas
Turbines
11
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Internal Combustion Engine

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Fuel injection systems in

• The diesel injection 1. Direct Injection (DI)

• All the FI systems comprise of following components:

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