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How Protein Is Made Using Information From DNA

The document discusses how proteins are made in the human body through a multi-step process using information from DNA. It explains that DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated by ribosomes into protein chains composed of amino acids. During transcription, the DNA code is copied into mRNA. Translation then builds the protein using mRNA's code and tRNA carrying amino acids. The genetic code is universal, with codons corresponding to specific amino acids. Protein replication allows cells to make copies of DNA before dividing.

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Dainiel G. Perez
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366 views30 pages

How Protein Is Made Using Information From DNA

The document discusses how proteins are made in the human body through a multi-step process using information from DNA. It explains that DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated by ribosomes into protein chains composed of amino acids. During transcription, the DNA code is copied into mRNA. Translation then builds the protein using mRNA's code and tRNA carrying amino acids. The genetic code is universal, with codons corresponding to specific amino acids. Protein replication allows cells to make copies of DNA before dividing.

Uploaded by

Dainiel G. Perez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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How Protein is

Made Using
Information
from DNA
DNA vs
RNA
Different types of proteins exist in
every living organism. Protein is the
most varied molecule in which the
human body contains at least 10, 000
different kinds of proteins. Since the
human body are made up of cells,
their unique characteristic are
determined by the type of proteins
they possess.
For example, the red blood cell are able to carry
oxygen throughout the body because they contain a
protein that is not found in other cells. Another example
is that the muscle cells are made up of Fibrous Protein
which allows the movement of the muscle to contract
and relax. Body covering of the body such as the skin,
nail and hair contain a kind of protein that makes them
tough.

The proteins that occur in the body are large,


complex molecules composed mainly oxygen, hydrogen,
carbon and nitrogen. Proteins are essential part
structure of cells. It acts as an Enzyme or Catalyst for
chemical reaction in cell.
Amino Acids are the building blocks of
protein, which are made up of long chains of
chemical units. There are 20 different amino acids.
Our body system can synthesize non-essential
amino acids through metabolic process from
simple organic molecules and the nine essential
amino acids must be obtained from dietary food
we intake.
LIST OF AMINO ACIDS SYNTHESIZED IN THE BODY
NON-ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL
Glycine Alanine Histidine Isoleucine
Arginine Glutamate Leucine Lysine
Cysteine Glutamine Methionine Phenylalanine
Proline Asparagine Threonine Tryptophan
Tyrosine Aspartic Acid Valine
Importance of Proteins in the Body

1. Protein hormones 2. Proteins in the blood 3. Protein acts as Ion


regulate many help as blood clotting Channels, carrier, and
physiological processes, factor and transport receptor molecules in
like insulin, that affects molecule. For instance, the cell membrane.
glucose transport into hemoglobin transports
cells. oxygen in the blood.
The Three Kinds of RNA in
Protein Synthesis
There are three kinds of RNA in which cells build proteins.
This process is
called PROTEIN SYNTHESIS.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is the RNA component of the

1 ribosome and a cell’s protein factory in all living cells. It


provides a mechanism for decoding mRNA into amino acid
and interacts with tRNA.
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a type of molecule of RNA that

2
travels from the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm,
where the information in the copy is used for a protein
product.
Transfer RNA (tRNA) is an adaptor molecule composed of

3 RNA, typically 73 to 93 nucleotides in length that brings


amino acids from the cytoplasm to a ribosome to help the
make of growing protein
Processes of Producing Protein from
DNA
1. TRANSCRIPTION
The DNA is found inside the nucleus of the cells which are embedded in the
Chromosomes. The genetic information within the DNA must be transported to
the ribosome in the cytoplasm where protein synthesis takes place. The genetic
information or code is copied into the mRNA through the process of
transcription.
The transcription process occurs when the nucleotide sequence along the
DNA is copied into a strand of mRNA. The DNA strand will be exposed once the
DNA molecule uncoils. The RNA polymerase is responsible for the alignment and
binding together of the ribonucleotides that will crate the single strand of RNA
molecule. The mRNA molecule, as the complimentary ribonucleotides, attach to
the exposed bases of the DNA strand.
TRANSCRIPTION
2. TRANSLATION

Translation is the final step in the synthesis of a small protein through


the help of the mRNA. The transfer of code from the mRNA to a small
proteins begins when the mRNA molecule attaches to the ribosome, which
forms the mRNA-ribosome complex. The different amino acids found in the
cytoplasm must first be transferred in the mRNA-ribosome complex by
another RNA.
An amino acid is then attached to a specific transfer RNA (tRNA). There
are as plenty of tRNA as to the presence of amino acids because it is
intended that each tRNA is coded to specific kind of amino acid. Translation
is the converting the information from the RNA into a protein. Each tRNA
with its attached specific amino acid moves to the mRNA-ribosome
complex.
The ribosome changes its position by three nucleotides. The tRNA without the amino
acid is detached from the ribosome. The ribosome now shifts to the next codon, ready to
bind another tRNA with its specific amino acid. The mRNA codon recognizes which tRNA
is next, as a result.
Structure of Protein Synthesis
The Genetic Code is shared by all organisms.
For instance, you want to determine which amino
acid is encoded by CAU codon. First, find the first
base C from the first nucleotides in the left part of
the Genetic Code. Then, find the second base A
from the second nucleotides on the upper part.
Finally, find the third base U from the third
nucleotides in the right side of the Genetic Code.
Hence, we find the amino acid histidine as
encoded by codon CAU.
THE GENETIC
CODE
THE REPLICATION PROCESS
Before the cell of an organism can produce, it must first replicate or make a copy
of their DNA. Copy of the DNA happens whether the cell is Prokaryote or a
Eukaryote. The following steps describe the replication of DNA in both
eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells:

1. Protein known as helicase attaches to and breaks apart the hydrogen bonds
between the bases on the DNA strands, thereby pulling apart the two strands.
As the helicase moves along the DNA molecule, it continues breaking these
hydrogen bonds and separating the two polynucleotide chains
2. Meanwhile, as the helicase separates the strands, another enzyme called primase
briefly attaches to each strand and assembles a foundation at which replication can
begin. This foundation is a short stretch of nucleotides called a primer
3. After the primer is in place on a single, unwound polynucleotide strand, DNA
polymerase wraps itself around that strand, and it attaches new nucleotides to the
exposed nitrogenous bases. In this way, the polymerase assembles a new DNA
strand on top of the existing one
4. As DNA polymerase makes its way down the unwound DNA strand, it relies upon
the pool of free-floating nucleotides surrounding the existing strand to build the
new strand. The nucleotides that make up the new strand are paired with partner
nucleotides in the template strand; because of their molecular structures, A and T
nucleotides always pair with one another, and C and G nucleotides always pair with
one another. This phenomenon is known as complementary base pairing (Figure 4),
and it results in the production of two complementary strands of DNA.
5. Two similar double-stranded molecules of DNA result from
replication. The new copies automatically wind up again. According to
Nowick, “DNA replication is semi-conservative because one old strand
is conserved and a new strand is made.”
DNA
POLYMERA
Enzymes and the other proteins are responsible for the
SEof replication. An enzyme begins the process by
process
unzipping the double helix to separate the strands of DNA.
Some proteins hold the strands apart, which serve as the
template. The floating free nucleotides in the nucleus will be
paired with the nucleotide of the existing DNA strand. The DNA
Polymerase (group of enzymes) is responsible in bonding the
new nucleotide together. When the process is done, it forms
two complete molecules of DNA, each exactly the same original
double strand.
Thank you! 

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