Chapter 3:

Equations
and inequalities
Chapter 3.1: Linear Simultaneous Equations
Linear Simultaneous Equations in two unknowns have
one set of values that will make a pair of equations
true at the same time.

There are two methods to solve linear simultaneous

equations: Elimination or Substitution.
Chapter 3.1: Linear Simultaneous Equations

Method 1: Elimination
Chapter 3.1: Linear Simultaneous Equations

Method 1: Elimination
2x + 3y = 8 4x – 5y = 4
3x – y = 23 6x + 2y = 25
Chapter 3.1: Linear Simultaneous Equations

Method 2: Substitution
y = 4x – 10 2x – y = 1
y = 2x – 2 4x + 2y = – 30
 Chapter 3:
Equations
and inequalities
Chapter 3.2: Quadratic Simultaneous Equations

Quadratic Simultaneous Equations involve two

equations; where one is Linear and the other is
Quadratic.

There is only one method to solve these style of

questions; use the substitution method and
substitute the linear equation into the quadratic
equation.
Chapter 3.2: Quadratic Simultaneous Equations
Two Solutions:
Chapter 3.2: Quadratic Simultaneous Equations
One Solution:
Chapter 3.2: Quadratic Simultaneous Equations
No (Real) Solutions:
Chapter 3.2: Quadratic Simultaneous Equations
Example 2: Substitution
Chapter 3.2: Quadratic Simultaneous Equations
Example 1: Substitution

xy = 4
y – 2x = 7
Chapter 3.2: Quadratic Simultaneous Equations
Example 3: Substitution

x + 2y = 3
x2 + 3xy = 10
Chapter 3.2: Quadratic Simultaneous Equations

Chapter 3.1: Linear Simultaneous Equations

Exercise 3A / Page 40

Chapter 3.2: Quadratic Simultaneous Equations

Exercise 3B / Page 41
 26/09/2022

Chapter 3:
Equations
and inequalities
Chapter 3.3: Simultaneous Equations on graphs 12/09/2019
Another method to solve simultaneous equations is to
draw them graphically and then use their points of
intersection as solutions.

Recall the Quadratic formula:

The discriminant can be used to determine how

many solutions two lines have.
Chapter 3.3: Simultaneous Equations on graphs 12/09/2019
Two Solutions:
b2 – 4ac > 0
Chapter 3.3: Simultaneous Equations on graphs 12/09/2019
One Solution:
b2 – 4ac = 0
Chapter 3.3: Simultaneous Equations on graphs 12/09/2019
No (Real) Solutions:
b2 – 4ac < 0
Chapter 3.3: Simultaneous Equations on graphs
Example 1: b) Use your graph to write down the
a) On the same axes, draw the graphs of: solutions to the simultaneous equations.

?b
(We could always substitute into the
original equations to check they work)

c) What algebraic method (perhaps

thinking about the previous chapter),
could we have used to show the graphs
would have intersected twice?
?a Substituting linear equation into quadratic:

Since there were two points of intersection,

the equation must have two distinct
solutions. Thus

?c
Thus the quadratic has two distinct
solutions, i.e. we have two points of
intersection.
a) On the same axes, draw the graphs of:
Chapter 3.3: Simultaneous Equations on graphs
Example 1: b) Use your graph to write down the
a) On the same axes, draw the graphs of: solutions to the simultaneous equations.

(We could always substitute into the

original equations to check they work)

c) What algebraic method (perhaps

thinking about the previous chapter),
could we have used to show the graphs
would have intersected twice?
Substituting linear equation into quadratic:

Since there were two points of intersection,

the equation must have two distinct
solutions. Thus

?c
Thus the quadratic has two distinct
solutions, i.e. we have two points of
intersection.
Chapter 3.3: Simultaneous Equations on graphs
Example 2:
a) On the same axes, draw the graphs of: b) Prove algebraically that the
lines never meet.

?a
Chapter 3.3: Simultaneous Equations on graphs
Example 2:
a) On the same axes, draw the graphs of: b) Prove algebraically that the
lines never meet.

When we try to solve

simultaneously by
substitution, the equation
must have no solutions.

therefore no ? b
solutions, and
therefore no points of
intersection.
 12/09/2019

Chapter 3.3: Simultaneous Equations on graphs

Exercise 3C / Page 45
 Chapter 3:
Equations
and inequalities
Chapter 3.4: Linear Inequalities: Set Notation

Solve
2𝑥<4 𝑥<2
?

𝑥<3
Solve
− 𝑥> −3 ?

Solve
4 𝑥 ≥ 12 𝑥 ≥? 3
Solve
− 4 𝑥>4 𝑥<−? 1

𝑥 Solve
− ≤1
2
𝑥 ≥?−2
Chapter 3.4: Linear Inequalities: Set Notation
Hint: Do the addition/subtraction before you do the
multiplication/division.

Solve
3 𝑥 − 4<20 𝑥<
? 8

Solve
4 𝑥 +7> 35 𝑥 >7
?

𝑥 Solve
𝑥 ≥ −14
5+ ≥ − 2 ?
2
Solve
7 −3 𝑥 >4 𝑥 <1
?
Solve
𝑥 𝑥 ≥? 15
6− ≤1
3
Chapter 3.4: Linear Inequalities: Set Notation
Hint: Do the addition/subtraction before you do the
multiplication/division.

Solve
𝟏<𝟐 𝒙 +𝟑< 𝟓 −𝟏<?𝒙 <𝟏
Solve
−𝟐<− 𝒙 < 𝟒 −𝟒 <? 𝒙< 𝟐
Chapter 3.4: Linear Inequalities: Set Notation

Solve
𝟏𝟏<𝟑 𝒙 − 𝟒<𝟏𝟕 𝟓< 𝒙? <𝟕
Solve
𝟏<𝟏 −𝟐 𝒙 <𝟓 −𝟐<?𝒙 <𝟎
Chapter 3.4: Linear Inequalities: Set Notation 13/09/2019
Recall that a set is a collection of values such that:
a) The order of values does not matter.
b) There are no duplicates.
Recap from GCSE:
• We use curly braces to list the values in a set, e.g.
• If and are sets then is the intersection of and , giving a set which has the
elements in and .
• is the union of and , giving a set which has the elements in or in .
• is the empty set, i.e. the set with nothing in it.
• Sets can also be infinitely large. is the set of natural numbers (all positive
integers), is the set of all integers (including negative numbers and 0) and
is the set of all real numbers (including all possible decimals).
• We write to mean “ is a member of the set A”. So would mean “ is a real
number”.

{ 1,2,3 } ∩ { 3,4,5 }= {𝟑 }
?
?
?
Chapter 3.4: Linear Inequalities: Set Notation 13/09/2019

It is possible to construct sets without having to

explicitly list its values. We use:
The | or : means
or
“such that”.

Can you guess what sets the following give?

(In words “All numbers such that is an integer)

{ 2 𝑥 : 𝑥 ∈ℤ } ={0,2 , −2,4 ,− 4,6

? ,− 6 , … } i.e. The set of all
even numbers!

{ 2 𝑥 : 𝑥 ∈ ℕ }= {2,4,8,16,32 ? ,…}
{ 𝑥𝑦 : 𝑥 , 𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒 }={4,6,10,14,15 ? , …}
i.e. All possible
products of two
primes.
Chapter 3.4: Linear Inequalities: Set Notation 13/09/2019

Inequality Solution Set

2 𝑥 +1 >5

3 ( 𝑥 −5 ) ≥ 5 −2 (𝑥 −8)

−𝑥≥2
Chapter 3.4: Linear Inequalities: Set Notation 13/09/2019

Inequality Solution Set

2 𝑥 +1 >5 {𝑥 : 𝑥> ? 2}
3 ( 𝑥 −5 ) ≥ 5 −2 (𝑥 −8) {𝑥 : 𝑥 ≥ 7.2
? }
{𝑥 : 𝑥 ≤ −
? 2}
Note: Multiplying or both sides of
−𝑥≥2 an inequality by a negative
number reverses the direction.

Combining Inequalities:
If and , what is the combined solution set?

2 3 4

? Hint 2 ≤? 𝑥 <3
Solution
If both inequalities have to be satisfied,
we have to be on both lines. Place your
finger vertically and scan across.
 13/09/2019

Chapter 3.3: Simultaneous Equations on graphs

Exercise 3C / Page 45
Chapter 3.4: Linear Inequalties

Exercise 3D / Page 47
 19/09/2019

Chapter 3:
Equations
and inequalities
 27/09/2022

Chapter 3:
Equations
and inequalities
Chapter 3.5: Quadratic Inequalities: Example 1 19/09/2019

Solve

𝑥
Chapter 3.5: Quadratic Inequalities: Example 2 19/09/2019

Solve

𝑦
𝑦 =( 𝑥 +5)(𝑥 − 3)

−5 3 𝑥
Chapter 3.5: Quadratic Inequalities: Example 3 19/09/2019

Solve Solve

𝑦 𝑦

𝑥 𝑥
Chapter 3.6: Inequalities on graphs

𝑦 When we solved quadratic

𝑦 =( 𝑥 +5)(𝑥 − 3) inequalities, e.g.
We plotted and observed the values
of for which .

Can we use a similar method when we

−5 3 𝑥 don’t have 0 on one side?
Chapter 3.6: Inequalities on graphs 24/09/2019
Example: has equation . has equation .
The diagram shows a sketch of and on the same axes.
a) Find the coordinates of and , the points of intersection.
b) Hence write down the solution to the inequality .

𝑦 𝑃2
𝑥

𝑥2
+ 4
12 =
=
𝑃 1𝑦
𝑦

𝑥
Chapter 3.6: Inequalities on graphs 24/09/2019
Example: has equation . has equation .
The diagram shows a sketch of and on the same axes.
a) Find the coordinates of and , the points of intersection.
b) Hence write down the solution to the inequality .

𝑦 𝑃2
a Solve simultaneously to find points of intersection:
𝑥

𝑥2
+ 4 ?
12 =
=
𝑃 1𝑦
𝑦

𝑥 b When the graph is above the graph. This happens

−2 6 when .
?
On graph paper, shade the region that satisfies the inequalities:
Chapter 3.6: Inequalties on graphs 24/09/2019

On graph paper, shade the region that satisfies the inequalities:

You did this at GCSE, the only difference here being that the graphs involved might
not be straight lines.

Step 2:
𝑦? −4
3𝑥 An inequality involving and
represents a 2D region in space.
Step 1: Imagine
𝑥 2−

Identify the correct side of each

2 𝑦+ line each inequality represents.
𝑦=

inequalities
𝑥 =14as
equations and sketch. 𝑥 Click to sketch >
−1 4

Tip: To quickly sketch , Tip: Make sure is on the side where it is positive.
consider what happens when If is on the smaller side, you’re below the line.
is and when is 0. If is on the greater side, you’re above the line.
Chapter 3.5: Quadratic Inequalities

Exercise 3E / Page 50

Chapter 3.6: Inequalities on graphs

Exercise 3F / Page 52
Chapter 3.5: Quadratic Inequalities: Example 3 19/09/2019

Solve Solve

𝑦
𝑦 =( 𝑥 +4 )( 𝑥 +1) 𝑦 𝑦 =( 𝑥 +3)(𝑥 −3)

? ?
−4 −1 𝑥 −3 3 𝑥

or − 3 < 𝑥 <3
Note: The most common error I’ve seen students make
with quadratic inequalities is to skip the ‘sketch step’. How to do Quadratic inequalities on ClassWiz:
Sod’s Law states that even though you have a 50% Use the quadratic inequality solver on my ClassWiz. Just go
chance of getting it right without a sketch (presuming to Menu Inequalities, then choose ‘order 2’ (i.e.
you’ve factorised correctly), you will get it wrong. quadratic)
 19/09/2019

Chapter 3.5: Quadratic Inequalities

Exercise 3E / Page 50
Chapter 3.5: Quadratic Inequalities: Example 1 19/09/2019

Solve
Step 1: Get 0 on one side
(already done!)

( 𝑥+5 ) ( 𝑥
? − 3 ) >0 Step 2: Factorise

Step 3: Sketch and reason

𝑦
𝑦 =( 𝑥 +5)(𝑥 − 3)
Since we sketched
we’re interested where , i.e. the parts
of the line where the value is positive.

−5 3 𝑥
Show Region

What can you say about What can you say about
the values of points in the values of points in { 𝑥 : 𝑥<− 5 } ∪{ 𝑥 : 𝑥> 3}
this region? this region? ? greater than 0, i.e. >
Note: If the value is ‘strictly’
0, then the value is strictly less than -5. So the <
? ? vs must match the original question.
Chapter 3.5: Quadratic Inequalities: Example 2 19/09/2019

Solve
Step 1: Get 0 on one side
(already done!)

( 𝑥+5 ) ( 𝑥 − 3 ) ≤ 0 Step 2: Factorise

Step 3: Sketch and reason

𝑦
𝑦 =( 𝑥 +5)(𝑥 − 3)

? Sketch with
−5highlighted
3 region𝑥 ? Final solution

Again, what can we say about the Note: As discussed

value of any point in this region? previously, we need
rather than to be
consistent with the
original inequality.
 24/09/2019

Chapter 3:
Equations
and inequalities
Chapter 3.7: Regions
Chapter 3.7: Regions

( 𝟐 ,𝟐 ) , ( 𝟐 , 𝟑 ) , (𝟐 ,𝟒 ) ,(𝟑 ,𝟑)
?
Chapter 3.7: Regions
Chapter 3.7: Regions
 30/09/2019

Chapter 3.7: Regions

Exercise 3G / Page 55

Mixed Exercise 3
Page 56
Chapter 3.7: Regions

Click to Sketch >


 


3 ? 2?
Chapter 3.7: Regions

( 𝟐 ,𝟐 ) , ( 𝟐 , 𝟑 ) , (𝟐 ,𝟒 ) ,(𝟑 ,𝟑)
?
Chapter 3.7: Regions


 
  
Chapter 3.7: Regions

𝟓 𝟓
−? 𝒙
𝟐 𝟔
R

𝟐𝟎
?
Click to Sketch >

1 ?1
Chapter 3.6: Inequalties on graphs
Exercise 3F / Page 52

Chapter 3.7: Regions

Exercise 3G / Page 55
 30/09/2019

Chapter 3.7: Regions

Exercise 3G / Page 55

Mixed Exercise 3
Page 56
 30/09/2019

Chapter 3:
Equations
and inequalities

Revision lesson
Eg.4
Past paper Questions 30/09/2019
Eg.1
Eg.2
Eg.3