PL/SQL (Embedded SQL)

 Introduction
 Benefits
 Basic Constructs
 Anonymous blocks
 Procedures
 Functions
 Packages
 Triggers
 Cursors
 Dynamic SQL
Introduction
 Embedded SQL (PL/SQL, JAVA/ VB & DB)
 Database Server Level Programming
(PL/SQL, Transact-SQL, IBM DB2-Cobol, ProC,
ProCobol)
 Database Client Programming
Developer 9i, JDeveloper 9i, Java (J2EE), VB, .Net
- Benefits
 More powerful than pure SQL because it
combines the power of SQL and
 Iteration (loops)
 Selection (Ifs)
 Cursors
 Block Structures
 Stored Procedures
 etc.
- Basic Constructs
 Basic Structure
 Running a program
 Variables
 SELECT INTO
 Comments
 IFs
 LOOPs
 Output
-- Basic Structure
DECLARE

BEGIN

EXCEPTION

END;

5ICS 33
 - OUTPUT …
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON;

BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('This is my fist program');
END;
/

Before executing code that contains DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE,

must run (in a current session) at SQL prompt: set serveroutput on

6ICS 334
--- Basic Structure: Example
DECLARE
v_id INTEGER;
v_empno NUMBER;
BEGIN
v_id := 1234567;

SELECT EMPNO
INTO V_EMPNO
FROM EMP
WHERE empno = v_id;

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Value is '||v_empno);

EXCEPTION
WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No record exists');

END;
/

7ICS 334
--- Basic Structure: Example
DECLARE
v_id INTEGER;

BEGIN
v_id := 1234567;

DELETE
FROM EMP
WHERE id = v_id;

END;
/

8ICS 334
-- Running a Program
DECLARE

BEGIN

EXCEPTION

END;

/
9ICS 334
-- Variables
 Common Data Types
 NUMBER
 DATE
 INTEGER
 VARCHAR2
 CHAR
 BOOLEAN
 Declaration
 V_salary NUMBER(9,2);
 V_id INTEGER;
 V_dob DATE;
 V_name VARCHAR2(35);
 V_gender CHAR;
 V_salary emp.salary%TYPE;

10ICS 334
-- SELECT INTO
DECLARE

v_job emp.job%TYPE;
v_sal emp.sal%TYPE;
v_empno emp.empno%TYPE;

BEGIN

v_empno := 1234567;

SELECT job, sal

INTO v_job,v_sal
FROM emp
WHERE empno = v_empno;

END;
/

11ICS 334
 -- Another Example
declare
v_ename emp.ename%TYPE;
v_sal emp.sal%TYPE;
begin
select ename, sal
into v_ename, v_sal
from emp
where empno = '7844';
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('solution is:'||v_ename||'---'||v_sal);

exception
When others then
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('no record');
end;
/

Before executing code that contains DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE,

must run at SQL prompt: set serveroutput on
12ICS 334
-- Comments
DECLARE
/*
This block will do
so and so and so.
*/
v_job emp.job%TYPE;
v_sal emp.sal%TYPE;
v_empno emp.empno%TYPE;

BEGIN

v_empno := 1234567; -- The use of this sentence is so and so.

-- The following SELECT INTO statement will do so and so.

SELECT job, sal

INTO v_job,v_sal
FROM emp
WHERE empno = v_empno;

END;
/

13ICS 334
-- IFs
 IF – END IF
 IF – ELSE – END IF
 IF – ELSIF – ELSE – END IF

14ICS 334
--- IF – END IF
DECLARE
…
…
BEGIN
…
…
v_commison := 7500;

IF v_dept = 10 THEN
v_commision := 5000;
END IF;
…
…
END;
/

15ICS 334
--- IF – ELSE – END IF
DECLARE
…
…
BEGIN
…
…

IF v_dept = 10 THEN
v_commision := 5000;
ELSE
v_commision := 7500;
END IF;
…
…
END;
/

16ICS 334
--- IF – ELSIF – ELSE – END IF
DECLARE
…
…
BEGIN
…
…

IF v_dept = 10 THEN
v_commision := 5000;
ELSIF v_dept = 20 THEN
v_commison := 5500;
ELSIF v_dept = 30 THEN
v_commison := 6200;
ELSE
v_commision := 7500;
END IF;
…
…
END;
/

17ICS 334
-- LOOPs
 LOOP – EXIT WHEN – END LOOP
 FOR – LOOP – END LOOP
 WHILE – LOOP – END LOOP

18ICS 334
--- LOOP – EXIT WHEN – END LOOP
DECLARE
…
v_deptno dept.deptno%TYPE := 50;
v_counter integer := 1;
…
BEGIN
…
LOOP
INSERT INTO dept(deptno)
VALUES(v_deptno);
v_counter := v_counter + 1;
v_deptno := v_deptno + 10;
EXIT WHEN v_counter > 5;
END LOOP;
…
END;
/

19ICS 334
--- FOR – LOOP - END LOOP
DECLARE
…
v_deptno dept.deptno%TYPE := 50;
v_counter integer;
…
BEGIN
…
FOR v_counter IN 1..5 LOOP
INSERT INTO dept(deptno)
VALUES(v_deptno);
v_deptno := v_deptno + 10;
END LOOP;
…
END;
/

20ICS 334
--- WHILE – LOOP - END LOOP
DECLARE
…
v_deptno dept.deptno%TYPE := 50;
v_counter integer;
…
BEGIN
…
v_counter := 1;
WHILE v_counter <= 5 LOOP
INSERT INTO dept(deptno)
VALUES(v_deptno);
v_deptno := v_deptno + 10;
END LOOP;
…
END;
/

21ICS 334
… - OUTPUT
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON;

DECLARE

v_sum_sal emp.sal%TYPE;
v_deptno emp.deptno%TYPE := 10;

BEGIN

SELECT SUM(sal)
INTO v_sum_sal
FROM emp
WHERE deptno = v_deptno;

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('The sum is ‘ || TO_CHAR(v_sum_sal));

END;
/

22ICS 334
- Anonymous Block
DECLARE
v_id INTEGER;

BEGIN
v_id := 1234567;

DELETE
FROM EMP
WHERE id = v_id;

EXCEPTION
WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No record exists');

END;
/

23ICS 334
-- Nesting Anonymous Blocks

24ICS 334
Exceptions

Examples are
NO_DATA_FOUND
OTHERS

To display details of oracle standard error message

 EXCEPTION

 WHEN OTHERS THEN

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(‘Error detail is: ‘||SQLERRM)

25ICS 334
- Procedure
 Is a block with a name
 The DECLARE key word is not used
 Parameters can be
 IN
 OUT
 IN OUT
 Is stored (USER_SOURCE)

26ICS 334
-- Creating or Replacing a Procedure …
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE pname( ) IS

BEGIN

EXCEPTION

END;
/

27ICS 334
 … -- Creating or Replacing a Procedure
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON;

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE proc_test(p_empno IN VARCHAR2) IS

v_job EMP.job%TYPE;
v_sal EMP.sal%TYPE;

BEGIN

SELECT job, sal

INTO v_job,v_sal
FROM emp
WHERE empno = p_empno;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('job is '||v_job);

EXCEPTION

WHEN OTHERS THEN

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('ERROR...');

END;
/
SQL> Show errors
SQL> execute proc_test(5893);
28ICS 334
-- Invoking a Procedure

DECLARE
…
BEGIN
…
proc_test(’23’);
…
END;
/

Or
SQL> exec proc_test(‘1123’)

29ICS 334
 Another Example
SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 create or replace procedure test_proc is

2 v_id INTEGER;
3 v_empno emp.empno%TYPE;
4 BEGIN
5 v_id := 1234567;
6 select empno into v_empno
7 FROM EMP
8 WHERE empno = v_id;
9 EXCEPTION
10 WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN
11 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No record exists');
12* END;
SQL> /

Procedure created.

SQL> exec test_proc

No record exists

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> show errors (to see errors for procedures, functions)

30ICS 334
- Function
 Is a block with a name
 Returns one value only.
 The DECLARE key word is not used
 Parameters can only be IN
 Is stored

31ICS 334
-- Creating or Replacing a Function …
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION fname( )
RETURN datatype IS

BEGIN

EXECPTION

END;
/

32ICS 334
 … -- Creating or Replacing a Function

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION sum_dept_sal(p_deptno IN NUMBER)

RETURN emp.sal%TYPE IS

v_sum_sal emp.sal%TYPE;

BEGIN

SELECT SUM(sal)
INTO v_sum_sal
FROM emp
WHERE deptno = p_deptno;

RETURN v_sum_sal;

END;
/

33ICS 334
-- Invoking a Function

SET SERVEROUTPUT ON;

DECLARE
…
v_sal emp.sal%TYPE;
…
BEGIN
…
v_sal := sum_dept_sal(10);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(TO_CHAR(v_sal));
…
END;
/

34ICS 334
Example, passing parameters

35ICS 334
Exercise
 Write down a procedure that displays all
records (all columns) from EMP table. Make
sure program should restricted to fix number
of records of this table. Display Date and
TIME portions of column that has data type
DATE.
 Write down a procedure that can insert large
number of records entered at the time of its
execution. You can use EMP table and
appending counter with some columns’ values
36ICS 334
- Triggers
 Is a stored subprogram associated with a
table.
 Are fired by an event
 Are mainly used for
 Security
 Enforce complex integrity constraint
 Prevent invalid transaction
 Event logging

37ICS 334
-- Creating or Replacing Triggers

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER del_emp( p_empno emp.empno%TYPE)

BEFORE DELETE ON emp
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
INSERT INTO emp_audit
VALUES(p_empno, USER, sysdate);
END;
/

38ICS 334
… -- Trigger with function usage Example

39ICS 334
… --Exercise

Write a trigger for the following:

When a record is added or deleted from an
employee table, DEPT.NoOfEmp column gets
updated accordingly to number of employees
in EMP table corresponding to department
number.

40ICS 334
- Cursors …
 Is a pointer to a row.
 Its is mainly used with tables which return
more than one row.
 It is handled implicitly and explicitly.

41ICS 334
… - Cusrors …

CURSOR c_emp IS
SELECT empno, ename, job
FROM emp
WHERE deptno = 20;

7369 Smith Clerk

7566 Jones Manager current row
7788 SCOTT Analyst
7876 Adams Clerk
7906 FORD Analyst

42ICS 334
… - Cursors
DECLARE

CURSOR c_emp IS
SELECT empno, ename, job
FROM emp
WHERE deptno = 20;

BEGIN

FOR v_c IN c_emp LOOP

…
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_c.ename);
…
END LOOP;
…
end;
/

43ICS 334
 - Example
 Given a table with first
three columns are
composite keys. Write
a PL/SQL program
using cursor to update
cat_template1 with
LONG column
cat_template.
Assuming this tables
contains more than
40,000 records.

44ICS 334
… - Example’s solution

45ICS 334
 Dynamic SQL

begin
execute immediate 'create table tt(id number(3))';
end;
/

46ICS 334
Program to find even or odd


Declare
     n number(4):=&n;
 Begin
     if mod(n,2)=0
    then
       dbms_output.put_line(n||' even number');
    else
      dbms_output.put_line(n||' odd number');
   end if;
end;
/

Execution:

SQL> @e:\plsql\even.sql
Enter value for n: 5
old   2:  n number(4):=&n;
new   2:  n number(4):=5;

5 odd number

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

47ICS 334
Even number
 Declare
NUM1 number:=0;
begin
loop
NUM1 := NUM1+2;
dbms_output.put_line (NUM1||’,’);
exit when NUM1=100;
end loop;
end;

48ICS 334
 Procedure:

declare
     n number(4):=&n;
     s number(4):=0;
     r number(4);
 begin
     while n>0
     loop
      r:=mod(n,10);
      s:=(s*10)+r;
      n:=trunc(n/10);
     end loop;
   dbms_output.put_line(‘the reverse number is:’); 
   dbms_output.put_line(s);
end;
/

Execution:

SQL> @e:\plsql\rev.sql
Enter value for n: 457
old   2:   n number(4):=&n;
new   2:   n number(4):=457;

the reverse number is:

754

49ICS 334