Earth anScice Quarter 2

Earth and Life Science Quarter 2 – Module 21:

Evolving Concept of Life Based on Emerging
Module 21: Evolving Concept of Life Pieces
of Evidence
Based on Emerging Pieces of Evidence
Objectives:
After going through this lesson, you are
expected to:

1. Identify the sequence of events of the

history of life on earth;
2. Name the pieces of evidence on the
evolution of life on earth;
3. Recognize the importance of knowing
the history of life on earth.
Have you been curious of when
and where did life possibly
start on Earth?
• During the 1800s geologists and the naturalists found several forms of
physical evidence that confirmed that Earth is very old.

The evidences include:

fossils of ancient sea life on dry land far from oceans, this supported
the idea that the Earth changed over time and
some dry land today was once covered by oceans;
the many layers of rock allowed the people to realize that rock layers
represent the order in which rocks and
fossils appeared, thus they were able to trace the history of Earth and
life on Earth;
lastly, the indications that volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and
erosion that happened long ago shaped much of the Earth’s surface
and supported the idea of an older Earth.
4.6 – 3.8 BYA - The early earth is said to be violent
because of the meteorites and volcanic eruptions. With
this condition, zircon crystal was formed.

3.5 BYA - Life on Earth initially began with prokaryotes,

discovered in sedimentary rock formations called
stromatolites

3.0 BYA - The first photosynthetic organism thrived the

earth which is blue green algae called cyanobacteria.

2.0 BYA - Appearance of the first eukaryotes and the

influx of multicellular organisms occurred 1.2 billion
years ago.

500 MYA - The Paleozoic era when the trilobites and

cephalopods became dominant in the ocean particularly
during the Cambrian and Ordovician

251 - 65.5 MYA - The Mesozoic era-the age of reptiles

that has a span of 251 to 65.5 MYA divided into Triassic,
Jurassic and Cretaceous period

250 TYA - The Cenozoic era- recent life and based on

paleontological evidence. Homo erectus have evolved.
Hadean (Early Earth Development)
The earliest part of Earth’s history is called the Hadean Era. This is the time that Earth was just
being formed.
the Hadean Era would have been a terrible time to live.
During this time there were a lot more comets, meteoroids and asteroids in space around our
planet, and these objects often crashed into our Earth.
These impacts created a lot of heat, and impacts with the largest of these objects would have
made our planet so hot that any oceans on the planet would have turned completely into steam.
Archean (Period of Appearance of First Prokaryotes)
Some time between 4.0 bya and 3.9 bya the destructive impacts into our planet became less
common, and eventually conditions on Earth settled down enough so that life could survive.
There was no oxygen in the atmosphere, and the gases that were there, like methane and ammonia,
would have killed you.
For a long time there was no life on the surface of our planet, but there was a lot of life in the oceans.
They were probably like modern bacteria. They were made up of only one single cell, and they were
so small that you would need a very powerful microscope to see them.
Proterozoic Eon (Period of appearance of the first eukaryote)
The Proterozoic Eon is the most recent division of the Precambrian. It is also the longest
geologic eon, beginning 2.5 billion years ago and ending 541 million years ago. It accounts for a
little less than 4/9ths of geologic time.
During the Proterozoic Eon, modern plate tectonics became active, and the ancient cores of
the continents moved over wide areas of the globe, accumulating smaller fragments of crust and
sometimes colliding with other large landmasses. 
he opposite also happened, leading to continental rifting. North America nearly rifted through
what is now its midsection about 1.1 billion years ago.
Paleozoic era (Dominance of appearance of trilobites)
The Paleozoic Era is the time when life on our planet began changing much more rapidly.
By the beginning of the Cambrian Period, around 540 mya, life on Earth was changing.
Animals with hard body parts were common, and because of this there are a lot more fossils
from this time period.
By 500 mya the first animals with skeletons inside their bodies, called vertebrates.
During the Silurian Period, around 420 mya, the first plants appeared on land.
These early plants did not look like the trees, grasses and flowers that we see today. They were
probably large mats of algae that looked more like moss or mold.
Mesoz0ic era (Dominance of dinosaurs)
The widespread extinction at the end of the Paleozoic Era left our planet ripe for conquest by
new groups of animals, and conquer they did!
During the Mesozoic Era the dinosaurs took over the land and the seas.
Dinosaurs lasted on Earth for 180 million years.
They finally went extinct around 65 mya, when a large comet crashed into the Earth near the
Yucatan Peninsula in southern
Cenozoic era (Recent Life)
The death of the dinosaurs 65 mya left an opening for large, predatory animals, and birds were
the first to assume that role.
 During this era, plants and animals look most like those on Earth today.
The earliest monkeys that we know of date from around 35 million years ago, and the first
apes probably appeared around 5 to 10 million years after that.
Why Should
you Study
History of Life?
Earth & Life Science
Quarter 2 – Module 22
Objectives:
After going through this lesson, you are
expected to:

1. Name the unifying themes in the study of

life;
2. Describe the unifying themes illustrated;
3. Explain the connection among living
things and their interaction with the
environment;
4. Give details on how these themes serve as
the foundation in the study of biology.
5. Value life by taking good care of all
beings, human, plants and animals.
•serve as the bases for the study of life.
Unifying themes in the study of life:

1. Biological system
2.The Cellular basis of life
3.Interaction with the environment
4.Energy and life
5.Form and function
6.Reproduction and inheritance
7.Regulation
8.Adaptation
9.Evolution
10.Biology and society
 3. INTERACTION WITH THE
ENVIRONMENT
• Living things cannot live alone, their survival depends on how they interact with
the environment.
4.
5.
6.
 8. ADAPTATION
• Living organisms survive depending on how one will
adapt to its changing environment.
9.
 10. BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY
• The field of science is changing the lives of all organisms
through research.
The living organisms differ from
nonliving organisms in various aspects.

What are these shared

properties (of living organisms)
that make something “alive”?
The unifying theme connects the different
subdisciplines that make biology as a science.

All levels of life have systems of related parts.

Structure and function are related in biology.
Organisms must maintain homeostasis to survive in diverse
environments
Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life.
Traits are being inherited and transferred.
Organisms reproduce.
Organisms are interdependent with one another.
Organisms acquire and process energy.
In addition to the properties mentioned, the
two additional unifying themes in the study
of life include

1. Scientific Inquiry
The process of science includes observation-based
discovery and the testing of explanations through the
hypothetic-deductive.
 Scientific credibility depends on the repeatability
of observation and experiments.

2. Science, Technology and Society

Many technologies are goal-oriented applications
of science.
The relationships of science and technology to
society are now more crucial to understand than ever
before.
Covid-19 is one of the
current problems that the
world is experiencing. It is
an infectious disease
caused by severe acute
respiratory syndrome
which affects different
people in different ways.
How do you think Biology
can be used to solve this
problem?
Earth and Life Science
Quarter 2 – Module 23:
Objectives:
After going through this lesson, you are
expected to:

1. Identify the type of asexual and sexual

reproduction in animals;
2. Describe the different ways of how
representative animals reproduce;
3. Realize the importance of reproduction
to maintain the continuity of life.
Activity 1 It’s a Review!
Directions: Write TRUE on
the space provided if the
statement supports the
unifying themes in the
study of life and FALSE if
it doesn’t.
1. Biological system
can be applied to all
levels of life starting
to the molecules of
our cells all the way
up to the whole
biosphere.
2. All organisms are
made up of similar
and one kind of cell.
3. The coordination of
the form and function
of parts (form-fit
function theme)
strengthens the
structure of life.
4. An organism can be
completely isolated
from its surrounding.
5. Energy can be
obtained in chemical
form in all the food we
are taking in the body.
What is PERPETUATION?
The  act  of  causing  something to  continue,  especially  something 
harmful, or the  fact  of something  harmful  continuing.

In the field of Science

Perpetuation of species means continuation of
species. This is ensured by reproduction, since
reproduction aims to increase the number of
organisms of a species overtime.
 There are varieties of organism in animal kingdom possessing
different modes of reproduction depending on the complexity of
their morphology and physiology.
 Simple organisms reproduce through asexual reproduction –
offspring come from a single parent and has the exact copy of the
genes hence referred as “clone”.
 Sexual reproduction in animals is the production of new living
organism by combining two gametes from different organism, one
male producing motile gamete that must fused with the egg cell
from female organism.
 Through this process similarity is preserve with respect to the
transfer of genes from the parts to offspring and individuality that
explains the individual characteristics possessed by an organism
different from their parents nor siblings.
 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Asexual reproduction is defined as the formation of new individuals from the cells of a single
parent. This is very common in plants less common in animals.

Asexual reproduction does not involve the union of gametes (sperm cell and egg cell) and it
does not change the number of chromosomes present.

The resulting offspring is similar or identical to the parent and without the need for a mate,
they are able to reproduce.

Example: HYDRA
 Type of ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

1.PARTHENOGENESIS
 form of reproduction in which an egg can develop into an embryo
without being fertilized by a sperm.

Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction by self-

impregnation resulting in the production of a zygote from an
unfertilized egg.
 Type of ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
2. BINARY FISSION
The organism split into two separate organism.

Binary fission is a type of asexual reproduction where a parent cell divides,

resulting in two identical cells, each having the potential to grow to the size of the
original cell.
Examples: Amoeba
 Type of ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
3. BUDDING
A new individual grows on the body of its parent.

Example: Hydra
 Type of ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
3. BUDDING
A new individual grows on the body of its parent.
Example: Hydra

4. FRAGMENTATION
Multiple pieces of the parent breaks off and develops into a new organism
Example: Starfish
 Type of ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
5. TRANSVERSE
The organism divides into two, leaving one piece headless and the other tailless
each piece grows the missing body parts.
Example:
Sexual reproduction is the perpetuation of a new organism from two organism with the use
gametes.

In this process male gametes which is the sperm cell fuses with a female gamete known as the
egg cell to form a diploid cell called zygote containing two sets of chromosomes.

During sexual reproduction the genetic material contained in their chromosomes combine to
produce genetically diverse offspring that is different from both parents.
OVIPAROUS ANIMALS - are female animals that lay their eggs, with little or no
other embryonic development within the mother.

VIVIPAROUS ANIMALS - bringing forth live young that have developed inside the
body of the parent.
Earth and Life Science
Quarter 2 – Module 24:
Genetic Engineering
After going through this lesson, you are
expected to:

1. Define genetic engineering;

2. Describe the techniques in genetic
engineering as based on the situation
given;
3. Appreciate the role of genetic
engineering to human life.
WHAT IS GENETIC
ENGINEERING?
is the direct manipulation of an organisms’ genes using biotechnology.
It covers different kinds of technologies used to alter the genomes that
includes the insertion of genes from other individual either the same or
from different species that aims to produce or improve products.
Genetic techniques
include all methods used to study
genetic phenomena such as heredity,
variation and DNA structure and
function.
GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

A technique used to compare DNA from two or more

organisms.

Gel electrophoresis is a method for separation and

analysis of macromolecules and their fragments, based
on their size and charge.
GENE SPLICING

DNA is cut out of one organism and put into another organism.

is a form of genetic engineering where specific genes or gene

sequences are inserted into the genome of a different organism
CLONING

Creating an organism that is an exact genetic copy of another.

INBREEDING
Breeding of organism that genetically similar to maintain
desired traits.

Inbreeding is the mating of organisms closely related by

ancestry
HYBRIDIZATION

Two individuals with unlike characteristics are crossed to

produce the best in both organisms.

 a hybrid is the offspring resulting from combining the

qualities of two organisms of different breeds.
SELECTIVE BREEDING
Animals with desired characteristics are mated to produce
offspring with those desired traits.

Selective breeding involves choosing parents with

particular characteristics to breed together and produce
offspring with more desirable characteristics
ARTIFICIAL SELECTION
 Breeders choose which organism to mate to produce offspring with
desired traits.

 a process in the breeding of animals and in the cultivation of plants by

which the breeder chooses to perpetuate only those forms having certain
desirable inheritable characteristics.

 Artificial selection is driven by human intervention

Earth and Life Science
Quarter 2 – Module 25:
Benefits of
Genetically Modified
Organisms
Objectives:

After going through this

lesson, you are expected to:

1. Classify the situation given

as a benefit or risk in using
GMO
2. Express one’s perception in
the use of GMO
Earth and Life Science
Quarter 2 – Module 26:
Organ Systems of
Objectives:

After going through this lesson,

you are expected to:

1. Identify the different organ

systems of representative
animals;
2. Describe the characteristics of
different organ systems of
representative animals.
3. Explain the functional
relationships of the different
function organ system in
ensuring animal survival.
1. Digestive System
 Animal nutrition is the process of taking in, taking apart and taking up the nutrients
from the food source.

FUNCTION:
2. Respiratory System
 Gas exchange is very important among animals, as they require oxygen in the
production of higher amount of energy compared to process of energy production
without oxygen.
3. Circulatory System
 There are different ways in which animals transport substances across their body. In
animals with closed circulatory system, the circulatory fluid does not go out of the
vessel.

 Exchange occurs through diffusion via thinner vessels called capillaries across the
interstitial fluid.
4. Urinary System
 In order to remove wastes, animals have the excretory system, which enables it to
remove excess salt or water in the body.
5. Immune System
 Defends the internal environment from invading microorganisms and viruses, as
well as cancerous cell growth.
6. Endocrine System
 Hormones are substances which can cause a reaction to a cell, in Greek it literally
means to excite.
7. Nervous System
 Your nervous system is your body's command center.
8. Muscular System
 The muscular system is composed of specialized cells called muscle fibers
9. Skeletal System
 The skeletal system is your body's central framework.

 It consists of bones and connective tissue, including cartilage, tendons, and

ligaments.
 Earth and Life Science
Quarter 2 – Module 27:
Organ Systems of
Representative Animals
Objectives:

After going through this

lesson, you are expected to: