UNIT :1

SOME BASIC CONCEPT OF

CHEMISTRY

CHEMISTRY PART :III

CLASS XI Determination of formulae of
compounds & Concentration of
solutions

Prepared by
1. RAVI KANT MISHRA J.N.V DATIA
2. M.S BEHERA J.N.V BARGARH
3. PUSHKAR SOOD J.N.V RAISEN
P.G.T CHEMISTRY
BHOPAL REGION
 OUTLINE

•Chemical Formulas & their types.

•Determination of empirical & molecular
formula.
•Stoichiometry and stoichiometric calculations.
•Numerical problems.
•Limiting Reagent.
• Expressing concentration of solutions.
 Chemical Formulas

Empirical Formula- shows the simplest whole number

ratio of different elements present in one molecule of
a substance.

Molecular Formula - Shows the actual number of

atoms of each element in one molecule of the
compound.
A molecular formula shows the exact number of
atoms of each element in the smallest unit of a
substance

An empirical formula shows the simplest

whole-number ratio of the atoms in a substance

molecular empirical
H2O H2O
C6H12O6 CH2O

O3 O
N2H4 NH2
Steps to Determine Empirical Formulas
Mass (g) of Element

M (g/mol )

Moles of Element

use no. of moles as subscripts

Preliminary Formula

change to integer subscripts

Empirical Formula
 Determining a Molecular Formula from
Elemental Analysis and Molar Mass

PROBLEM: During physical activity, lactic acid (M = 90.08

g/mol) forms in muscle tissue and is responsible
for muscle soreness. Elemental analysis shows
that it contains 40.0 mass% C, 6.71 mass% H,
and 53.3 mass% O.

(a) Determine the empirical formula of lactic acid

(b) Determine the molecular formula
 SOLUTION: Assuming 100 g of lactic acid, the constituents are:

mol C mol H mol O

40.0 g C x 6.71 g H x 53.3 g O x
12.01g C 1.008 g H 16.00 g O

3.33 mol C 6.66 mol H 3.33 mol O

C3.33 H6.66 O3.33

CH2O = empirical formula
3.33 3.33 3.33

molar mass of lactate 90.08 g

3
mass of CH2O 30.03 g

Molecular formula = n x Empirical formula

C3H6O3 is the
Molecular formula = 3 xCH2O =C3H6O3
molecular formula
 Determining the Empirical Formula from Masses of
Elements

PROBLEM: Elemental analysis of a sample of an ionic compound gave the

following results: 2.82 g of Na, 4.35 g of Cl, and 7.83 g of O.
What are the empirical formula and name of the compound?
PLAN: Find the relative number of moles of each element; divide by
the lowest mole amount to find the relative mole ratios
(empirical formula).
mol Na
SOLUTION: 2.82 g Na x = 0.123 mol Na
22.99 g Na

mol Cl
4.35 g Cl x = 0.123 mol Cl
35.45 g Cl

mol O
7.83 g O x = 0.489 mol O
16.00 g O

Na1 Cl1 O3.98 NaClO4

NaClO4 is sodium per chlorate.

 Stoichiometry and stoichiometric
calculations
• The word ‘stoichiometry’ is derived from two
Greek words – stoicheion ( meaning element)
and metron ( meaning measure ).
• Stoichiometry, thus deals with the calculation of
masses (sometimes volume also) of the
reactants and the products involved in a
chemical reaction.
Sample Problem Calculating Amounts of Reactants and Products

PROBLEM: In a lifetime, the average American uses 1750 lb (794 kg) of

copper in coins, plumbing, and wiring. Copper is obtained from
sulfide ores, such as chalcocite, or copper(I) sulfide, by a
multistage process. After an initial grinding step, the first stage
is to “roast” the ore (heat it strongly with oxygen gas) to form
powdered copper(I) oxide and gaseous sulfur dioxide.
(a) How many moles of oxygen are required to roast 10.0 mol of
copper(I) sulfide?
(b) How many grams of sulfur dioxide are formed when 10.0 mol
of copper(I) sulfide are roasted?
(c) How many kilograms of oxygen are required to form 2.86 kg
of copper(I) oxide?

PLAN: write and balance equation

find mols O2 find mols SO2 find mols Cu2O

find g SO2 find mols O2 find kg O2

 Sample Problem (continued)

SOLUTION: 2Cu2S(s) + 3O2(g) 2Cu2O(s) + 2SO2(g)

3 mol O2
(a) 10.0 mol Cu2S x = 15.0 mol O2
2 mol Cu2S

(b) 10.0 mol Cu2S x 2 mol SO2 64.07 g SO2

x = 641 g SO2
2 mol Cu2S mol SO2

(c) 2.86 kg Cu2O x 103g Cu2O mol Cu2O

x = 20.0 mol Cu2O
kg Cu2O 143.10 g Cu2O

3 mol O2 32.00 g O2 kg O2
20.0 mol Cu2O x x x = 0.960 kg O2
2 mol Cu2O mol O2 10 g O2
3
 Limiting Reagent
• The reactant that is entirely consumed when a
reaction goes to completion

• Once one reactant has been completely

consumed, the reaction stops.

• Any problem giving the starting amount for more

than one reactant is a limiting reactant problem.
An Ice Cream Sundae Analogy for Limiting Reactions

ICE CREAM

Syrup is limiting reagent

 Sample Problem Solving Limiting Reactant Problems for
Reactions in Solution
Mercury and its compounds have many uses, from filling
PROBLEM:
teeth (as an alloy with silver, copper, and tin) to the industrial
production of chlorine. Because of their toxicity, however,
soluble mercury compounds, such mercury(II) nitrate, must
be removed from industrial wastewater. One removal method
reacts the wastewater with sodium sulfide solution to produce
solid mercury(II) sulfide and sodium nitrate solution. In a
laboratory simulation, 0.050 L of 0.010 M mercury(II) nitrate
reacts with 0.020 L of 0.10 M sodium sulfide. How many
grams of mercury(II) sulfide form?

Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction. Since this is a

PLAN:
problem concerning a limiting reactant, we find the amount of product
that would be made from each reactant. We then choose the
reactant that gives the lesser amount of product.
 Sample Problem (continued)

SOLUTION: Hg(NO3)2(aq) + Na2S(aq) HgS(s) + 2 NaNO3(aq)

1 mol HgS
0.050 L Hg(NO3)2 x 0.010 mol/L x = 5.0 x 10-4 mol HgS
1 mol Hg(NO3)2

1 mol HgS
0.020 L Na2S x 0. 10 mol/L x = 2.0 x 10-3 mol HgS
1 mol Na2S

Hg(NO3)2 is the limiting reagent.

232.7 g HgS
5.0 x 10-4 mol HgS x = 0.12 g HgS
1 mol HgS
 Reaction in solution
:

Since majority of reactions in chemistry lab. are

carried out in solutions therefore it is important to
understand as how the amount of substance is
expressed when it is present in the form of
a solution.
The concentration of the solutions can be
expressed in any of the following ways :

1.Mass Percentage
2.Molarity
3.Molality
4.Mole fraction
 Mass Percentage
:

The amount of substance (solute) present in 100

gram of solution is known as mass percentage.
Flow Chart of Mass Percentage Calculation

moles of X in one
mole of compound
Multiply by M (g/mol) of X
mass (g) of X in one
mole of compound
Divide by mass (g) of one mole
of compound

Mass fraction of X

Multiply by 100

Mass % of X
 Molarity (M):

Molarity is the number of moles of solute

in per litre of solution. Unit is moles per
litre (moleL-1)
 Sample Problem Calculating the Molarity of a Solution

PROBLEM: Hydrobromic acid (HBr) is a solution of hydrogen bromide gas in

water. Calculate the molarity of a hydrobromic acid solution if
455 mL contains 1.80 moles of hydrogen bromide.

PLAN: Molarity (M) is the number of moles of solute

per liter of solution.

SOLUTION:

mol of HBr 1.80 mol HBr 1000 mL

x = 3.96 M
divide by volume
455 mL soln 1L
concentration (mol/mL) HBr

103 mL = 1L

molarity (mol/L) HBr

Sample Problem Calculating Mass of Solute in a Given Volume of
Solution

PROBLEM: How many grams of solute are found in 1.75 L of a 0.460 M

solution of sodium monohydrogen phosphate?

PLAN: Molarity is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.

Knowing the molarity and volume allows us to find the number of
moles and then the number of grams of solute. The molecular
formula of the solute is Na2HPO4.

SOLUTION:

0.460 moles
1.75 L x = 0.805 mol Na2HPO4
1L

0.805 mol Na2HPO4 x 141.96 g Na2HPO4

mol Na2HPO4

= 114 g Na2HPO4
 Molality (m):

Molality is the number of moles of solute present in

1kg of solvent. Unit is moles per Kilogram (moleKg-1)
 Mole fraction (X):
It is the ratio of number of moles of a particular
component to the total number of moles of the solution.
If nA and nB number of moles of A and B combine to form
a solution then mole fraction of a is given by:
 RECAPITULATION
• Chemical formulae and their types.
• Determination of empirical and molecular
formula.
• Limiting reagent and its calculation.
• Mass percentage.
• Molarity.
• Molality.
• Mole fraction.
 ASSIGNMENT
Q.1 Define empirical formula.
Q.2. Define molecular formula.
Q.3. Calculate the amount of water produced by the
combustion of 16 g of methane.
Q.4. Define limiting reagent.
Q.5. Explain the following terms :
1) Molarity 2) molality 3) mole fraction.
Q.6. A solution is prepared by adding 2 g of substance
A in 18 g of water. Calculate the mass percentage of
the solute.
THANKS