Oscillators Part 2
Phase-Shift Oscillator
Rf
-
0V C C C Vo
.
R
+
R R
Phase-shift oscillator
The phase shift oscillator utilizes three RC circuits to
provide 180º phase shift that when coupled with the 180º of
the op-amp itself provides the necessary feedback to
sustain oscillations.
The frequency for this type is similar to any RC circuit oscillator :
1
f
2RC 6
where = 1/29 and the phase-shift is 180o
For the loop gain A to be greater than unity, the gain of the amplifier
stage must be greater than 29.
If we measure the phase-shift per RC section, each section would not
provide the same phase shift (although the overall phase shift is 180o).
The gain must be at least 29 to maintain the oscillation
Phase Shift Oscillator – Practical
The last R has been incorporated into the summing resistors
at the input of the inverting op-amp.
1 Rf
fr K 29
2 6 RC R3
The Phase-Shift Oscillator
Design a phase-shift oscillator for a frequency of 800 Hz.
The capacitors are to be 10 nF.
Start by solving for the resistors needed in the feedback circuit:
1 1
R 8.12 kW (Use 8.2 kW.)
2π 6 f r C 2π 6 800 Hz 10 nF
Rf
Calculate the
238 kW 10 nF
feedback resistor 10 nF 10 nF
– C1 C2 C3
needed:
Vout
+
Rf = 29R = 238 kW. R1 R2 R3
8.2 kW 8.2 kW 8.2 kW
RC Oscillators: tutorial
examples
Phase-Shift Oscillator:
a. Determine the value of Rf necessary to for the circuit, above to
operate as an oscillator [136.3 kΩ].
b. Determine the frequency of operation [628.38 Hz].
Wien-bridge Oscillator:
1. Design a Wien-bridge circuit of slide 122 to oscillate at 100 kHz.
2. In the Wien-bridge oscillator circuit of slide 122, let
R1 R2 2.5 k , C1 C2 1 nF . Determine the frequency f o of the
oscillator [63.66 kHz].
6
Relaxation Oscillators
Relaxation Oscillator
Relaxation oscillators make use of an RC timing and a device
that changes states to generate a periodic waveform (non-
sinusoidal) such as:
1. Triangular-wave
2. Square-wave
3. Sawtooth
Triangular-wave Oscillator
Triangular-wave oscillator circuit is a combination of a
comparator and integrator circuit.
1 R2 R3
fr VUTP Vmax R3
4CR1 R3 R2 VLTP Vmax
R2
Relaxation Oscillators
Relaxation oscillators are characterized by an RC timing circuit and a
device that periodically changes state.
The triangular wave oscillator is an example. For this circuit, the device that changes
states is a comparator with hysteresis (Schmitt trigger). The RC timing device is an
integrator. The comparator output can be used as a square wave output.
The trigger points set the A square wave C
can be taken as
triangle’s peak-to-peak voltage: an output here.
–
R1
R –
VUTP Vmax 3 + Vout
R2 R2
Comparator +
R R3 Integrator
VLTP Vmin 3
R2
Relaxation Oscillators
C
–
R1
–
+ Vout
Comparator R2 +
R3 Integrator
Relaxation Oscillators
For the triangular wave generator, the frequency is found from:
1 R2
fr
4 R 1C R3
What is the frequency of the circuit shown here?
C
1 R2
fr
4 R 1 C R3 –
R1 10
– nF
1 22 k 82 kW
+ Vout
4 82 k 10 nF 10 k Comparator R2 +
22
R Integrator
kW 3
= 671 Hz
10
kW
Class Activity
Determine the frequency of oscillation of the circuit in Figure below. To what value
must R1 be changed to make the frequency 20 kHz?
What is the amplitude of the triangular wave in Figure if the comparator output
is ;±10 V?
Relaxation Oscillators
Another relaxation oscillator that uses a Schmitt trigger is the
basic square-wave oscillator. The trigger points are set by R2
and R3. The capacitor charges and discharges between these
levels: VUTP Vmax R3 R 1
R2 R3
VC
R3 –
VLTP Vmax Vout
R2 R3 C
Vf +
The period of the waveform is given by: R2
2R
T 2 R1C ln 1 3 R3
R2
Relaxation Oscillators
R1
VC
–
Vout
C
Vf +
R2
R3
Square-wave Oscillator
A square wave relaxation oscillator is like the Schmitt trigger
or Comparator circuit.
The charging and discharging of the capacitor cause the
op-amp to switch states rapidly and produce a square wave.
The RC time constant determines the frequency.
Summary
Sinusoidal oscillators operate with positive feedback.
Two conditions for oscillation are 0º feedback phase
shift and feedback loop gain of 1.
The initial startup requires the gain to be momentarily
greater than 1.
RC oscillators include the Wien-bridge and phase shift.
LC oscillators include Colpitts, Hartley and the Crystal
Oscillator.
Summary
The crystal actually uses a crystal as the LC tank circuit
and is very stable and accurate.
A voltage controlled oscillator’s (VCO) frequency is
controlled by a dc control voltage.
Study at Home: 555 TIMER AS AN OSCILLATOR
Recall
Feedback An electronic circuit that operates with positive
oscillator feedback and produces a time-varying output
signal without an external input signal.
Relaxation An electronic circuit that uses an RC timing
oscillator circuit to generate a nonsinusoidal waveform
without an external input signal.
Positive The return of a portion of the output signal
feedback such that it reinforces and sustains the input
signal.
Quiz
1. The Wien-bridge oscillator uses the network shown. If
R’s and C’s are equal, the maximum Vout will be phase-
shifted by
a. 0o R1
C2
Vin Vout
b. 90 o
C1 R2
c. 180o
d. 270o
a
1. Calculate the resonant frequency of this Wien
bridge oscillator if R1=25kΩ, R2=40kΩ, C1=1nF,
C2=2nF
a. 1560.3 Hz
b. 1779.4 Hz
c. 3120.7 Hz
d. 3558.8 Hz
6. An example of an LC feedback oscillator is a
a. phase-shift oscillator
b. relaxation oscillator
c. Colpitts oscillator
d. Wien-bridge oscillator
c
Quiz
7. In a crystal oscillator, the crystal acts like a
a. band-pass filter
b. resonant circuit
c. notch filter
d. power source
b
8. The waveforms at Vout1 and Vout2 should be a
a. sawtooth wave and a sine wave
b. triangle wave and a square wave
c. sawtooth wave and a square wave
d. triangle wave and a sine wave
Vout2 C
–
R1
–
+ Vout1
R2
+
R3
