Unit 5.1 Classification and Construction

EEM507 ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY
Unit-5 Synchronous Machines
Prof. D.K. Chaturvedi

Dayalbagh Educational Institute (Deemed Univ.)
Dayalbagh, Agra, U.P. India
UNIT -5 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
Contents
• Types
• Constructional details
• EMF equation
• Synchronous reactance
• Voltage regulation- synchronous impedance methods
• Power angle characteristics
• Power factor improvement methods
• V- curve
• Applications
Introduction
• Synchronous Machine is a doubly excited AC machine.
• Stator has 3-phase distributed armature winding placed 120 o apart from each other., just like IM stator.
• Rotor has DC field winding either concentrated or distributed.
• It can operate in two modes of operation

• Synchronous motoring mode -
convert electrical power to mechanical power.
3-phase AC supply is give to stator, it generates rotating MMF .
• Synchronous generating mode -

The machine which converts mechanical power into AC electrical power and called Alternator.
When rotor is excited by DC supply it generate rotating MMF.
Where,
• Ns is the synchronous speed in revolution per minute (rpm)
• f is the supply frequency
• P is the number of poles of the machine
Classification
• According to number of phase • According to rotor construction
• Single phase • Cylindrical rotor – turbo alternator
• Three phase/poly-phase
• Salient pole rotor – Hydro
• According to prime mover speed alternator
• High Speed alternator – Steam turbine – • According to location of field
2-pole cylindrical rotor– 3000 rpm
winding
• Medium speed alternator – Diesel engine/Gas
turbine – 750 rpm – 1500 rpm • Field stationary – old machines
• Low speed hydro alternator – hydro turbine – • Filed rotating – modern machines
50-500 rpm
• Constant /variable speed (wind turbine)
Classification – contd..
• According to operating frequency
• Low frequency alternator
• According to cooling methods
• Air cooling- attached fan on alternator shaft
• Hydrogen cooling -
• Oil cooling – for large alternator - transit buses, Expensive automobiles
• Water cooling – marine applications
• According to Applications
• Automotive alternators
• Diesel electric locomotive alternators
• Marine alternators
• Radio alternators
• Large power plants
Video link
• Hydrogen cooled turbo generator
Construction
• Important parts of the Synchronous Machine are given below.
1. Stator
2. Rotor
3. Brushes
4. Bearings
5. Shaft
• Stationary part of the machine is called Stator. It includes
various parts like stator frame, stator core, stator windings and
cooling arrangement. Salient pole rotor
• Rotating part of the machine is called Rotor. There are two
types of rotor construction, namely the salient pole type and
the cylindrical rotor type.
• Steam or gas turbines drive Cylindrical-rotor machines.
Cylindrical-rotor synchronous generators are called turbo-
alternators or turbo-generators and re-built in a number of
rating from 10 MVA to over 1500 MVA Cylindrical pole rotor
Stator construction
Stator Frame
• It is the outer body of the machine made of cast iron, and it protects the inner parts of
the machine.
• It casted or fabricated by mild steel plated welded together.
Stator Core
• The stator core is made of silicon steel material. It is made from a number of stamps
which are insulated from each other. Its function is to provide an easy path for the
magnetic flux .
Stator slots Semi-closed Slot Closed Slot
Open Slot Not so Easy installation of frame Conductors are threaded in slot
Easy installation of frame wound winding wound winding Not at all Easy removal for replacement
Easy removal for replacement Not so Easy removal for Uniform distribution of air gap flux
Non-uniform distribution of air gap flux replacement
Better distribution of air gap flux
Stator Winding
• Slots are cut on the inner periphery of the stator core in which 3
phase or 1 phase winding is placed. Enameled copper is used as
winding material. The winding is star connected. The winding of each
phase is distributed over several slots. When the current flows in a
distributed winding it produces an essentially sinusoidal space
distribution of EMF.
Rotor construction
Salient Pole Rotor

The term salient means projected poles.
Since the rotor is subjected to changing magnetic fields, it is made of steel laminations to
reduce eddy current losses. Poles of identical dimensions are assembled by stacking
laminations to the required length. A salient pole synchronous machine has a non uniform air
gap. The air gap is minimized under the pole centers and it is maximum in between the poles.
They are constructed for the medium and low speeds as they have a large number of poles. A
salient pole generator has a large diameter (D/L) .
The salient pole rotor has the following important parts.
Spider
It is made of cast iron to provide an easy path

for the magnetic flux.
It is keyed to the shaft and at the outer
surface, pole core and pole shoe are keyed to
it.
Pole Core and Pole Shoe are made of
laminated sheet steel material.
Pole core provides least reluctance path for
the magnetic field and pole shoe distributes
the field over the whole periphery uniformly to
produce a sinusoidal wave.
Rotor construction Contd…
Field Winding or Exciting Winding

• It is wound on the former and then placed around the pole core. DC supply is given to it
through slip rings. When direct current flow through the field winding, it produces the
required magnetic field.
Damper Winding
• At the outermost periphery, holes are provided in which copper bars are inserted and
short-circuited at both the sides by rings forming Damper winding.
Non- Salient Pole Rotor or Cylindrical Rotor
• No projected poles, but the poles are formed by the current flowing through the rotor
exciting winding.
• Cylindrical rotors are made from solid forgings of high-grade nickel chrome molybdenum
steel. It has a comparatively small diameter and long axial length.
• They are useful in high-speed machines.
• The cylindrical rotor type alternator has two or four poles on the rotor.
• Such a construction provides a greater mechanical strength and permits more accurate
dynamic balancing. The smooth rotor of the machine makes less windage losses and the
operation is less noisy because of the uniform air gap.
Advantages of stationary Armature
• The armature voltage is very high and hence large insulation is
required (11kV or 33 kV).
• Field poles have small voltage, less insulation, less weight, which is
desirable
• Large value of armature current can directly taken from stator, hence
brush wear and tear is reduced.
• Switching contacts referred to low power circuit which can easily
insulated (only 2-slip rings are required).
• Armature winding can more easily braced to prevent any deformation.
Why is damper winding used?
• Damper winding are short circuited copper winding/ cage on rotor.
• The damper winding will create a flux which will increase the speed of
the rotor to catch the synchronous speed and avoid syn. machine to
go out of synchronism.
• Reduce or eliminate hunting during sudden load change – helps in
smooth running.
• Reduce noise
• Made synchronous motor self starting – provides starting torque
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EEM507 ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY

Unit-5 Synchronous Machines

Prof. D.K. Chaturvedi

• It can operate in two modes of operation

• Synchronous generating mode -

Salient Pole Rotor

It is made of cast iron to provide an easy path

Field Winding or Exciting Winding

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