Dear God,

Thank You for this day

Thank You for all opportunity
Thank You for letting me know my mistakes, my
trespasses, my sins and unfaithfulness…Yet still you
forgive me
Thank You for calling me always for loving me and giving
me more blessings

Please don't let me be too busy to recognize Your

blessings, or hear Your voice.

Please help me to recognize You in my neighbor

Please help me to be more human with patience who

lovingly endures, who waits with self control and respect.

Please help me to become more holy in all my word and

conduct. AMEN
 ARTS
APPRECIATION

ARTAPP0
 Chapter 2
The Historical
Development of Visual
Arts
By learning about the historical development of visual
arts such as painting, architecture, and sculpture,
• you will gain knowledge and understanding about
how artists conceptualize and realize their art forms
based on the influences in the society and the progress
of selected visual arts from the pre – historic period to
the modern period.
• you can classify the different works of arts by citing
their characteristics based on the influences of the
artists in a particular period.
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:   
1.distinguish the underlying history and
philosophy of the art period or era;  
2.identify the characteristics, dominant theme,
famous artists and their masterpieces of the art
period or era.  
3.research about the famous artists and their
masterpieces in each period/era.  
4.gather art clips/pictures of the masterpieces of
famous artists and provide data describing the
period of such art existence.   
 A Beautiful Reflection
Oftentimes, the best ingredient to a work of art is patience. It’s easy to neglect this principle.
We live in a world that’s running on a strict schedule.

When our alarm goes off we have a schedule full of meetings, work, a 30-minute lunch
break, phone calls, and more. It never ends. We’re frustrated when the drive-thru line moves
too slow because it’s taking more time than we expected.

This Biblical wisdom from King Solomon says that everything is made beautiful in its time.
That means some things require time to be made beautiful. Whenever a designer is at work,
their work requires an abundance of patience.

The highest-quality paintings, structures, and statues all take time to create, sometimes a
single piece of artwork takes years to complete.
6
 Activity 1: (TRIAD SHARING)
A Points of Reflection
Guide Questions
“He has made everything beautiful in its
time. Also, he has put eternity into man's Can you tell me about a situation that really
heart, yet so that he cannot find out what tested your patience?
God has done from the beginning to the
end.”
Most people find it very hard to be patient? How
do you manage it?

7
 TO BE HUMAN
“Remember
diamonds are
IS TO
created under
pressure so hold
HAVE
PATIENC
on, it will be your
time to shine “

E
“A HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT”
8
 INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT OF VISUAL ARTS: PAINTING,
ARCHITECTURE, AND SCULPTURE

9
Prehistoric Period/
Cave Art
The history of painting spans all
cultures and dates back to the time
of the prehistoric men who
produced their own artifacts. The
oldest known paintings believed
to be about 32,000 years old are
found at the Grotte-Vhauvet in
France and depict horse,
rhinoceros, lions, buffalos, and
mammoths (Marcos, 2006 as cited by Menoy, 2014).
In fact, there were numerous paintings and engravings which were found in Europe
caves and shelters during the Ice Age roughly between 40,000 and 14,000 years ago.

Most of the cave art consist of paintings made with either red or black pigments. The
reds were made with iron oxides (hematite), whereas manganese dioxide and charcoal
were used for the blacks.

Cave art is considered to be either or both religious or symbolic functions.

According to Jean Clottis, in her article, some experts believed that its characteristics
have been created within the framework of Shamanic beliefs and practices (Aller and
Autida 2018)
Egyptian Painting,
Sculpture, and
Architecture
The Egyptian painting is associated with pre-historic times. It
focuses more on expressions of concepts rather than a record of
sensory experience and mastery over reality. Hieroglyphics, the
Egyptian writing system was a form of picture writing and it is
considered as the first art form that is presented with images.
The three stages in the development of Egyptian painting are: 
 
1.Old Kingdom. Painting in this period is associated with worship
and life after death  

2.Middle Kingdom. Painting in this period is associated with

scenes from local wars, animal life, dancing, and hunting
scenes.  

3.New Kingdom. Painting in this period is found in rock tombs

depicting scenes of funerals and pilgrimages.  
The Egyptian architects and engineers are skillful in building temples,
palaces, and funeral tomb of the pharaohs.

Egyptian architects were the first to use stone column in building homes.
They use simple yet powerful tools; they build large structure of stones
with accuracy and precision by multitude of workers and construction
details to ensure a good quality of work, and pure geometric forms in the
making of the buildings and tombs.
Thus, most of the architectural styles
common to Egyptian buildings, temples,
tombs, and palaces include:
• most temples are made of stones for
durability purposes,
• most of the sculptures of the pharaohs
are done in granite, mammoth
rectangular plan of limestone with
stopping pylons with gorge molding,
bud and flower capitals from post-
lintel-construction and monumental
obelisks and sphinxes fronting pylons
Egyptian pyramids were built during
the old and middle kingdoms.

The first regarded as the “true

pyramid” was built in Sakkara for King
Dioser. It is called as the step pyramid
due to its shape resembling steps.

Later, Egyptians built pyramids with

four smooth faces during the 4th
dynasty. One of the most famous
pyramids built by King Cheops about 4,
500 years ago is the Great Pyramid of
Giza (the last of the Seven Wonders of
the World). 
Egyptians also built temples which
are considered to be the home of
the gods. It is in the temples where
Egyptians worshipped their gods
and perform rites for good growing
and abundance of their crops and
for cultivation success.  

Egyptian Sculptures are all figurines

of the same sizes except the
Pharaohs, which emphasis power.

Other characteristics include:

compositions are always
symmetrical and perfectly arranged,
solemn and ceremonious, and
utilitarian in nature.  
Min, Ptah & Horus
In general, Egyptian art characteristics include:

1. The art is the propagandistic support of the power

of the state religion,

2. All figures show position of frontality and fixed

concepts are repeated,

3. The art has symbolic geometry,

4. Mostly, animals and plants are commonly the

subjects of their paintings and even on ceramics,

5. Egyptian art is religious and serving propaganda.

GREEK PAINTING,
SCULPTURE, AND
ARCHITECTURE
“The Glory that was Greece” was always the title given to Greece because of
their great contribution in the different fields of humanities to world civilization.

Greece is considered to be the birthplace of Western civilization. Thus, most of

the achievement of the Greeks in terms of painting, sculpture, and architecture
can still be felt and seen today.

Thus, the Greek incorporated a fundamental principle of their culture, “ARETE”

meaning EXCELLENCE AND REACHING ONE’S FULL POTENTIAL.  
The development of Greek art can be traced back from the two great
civilizations developed in Crete and in mainland Greece:

• The Minoan Civilization

• The Mycenaean Civilization

  
The Minoan Civilization
Started in 2,600 BCE led by King Minos. The people during this civilization have worked with bronze and gold
thus, developing a system of writing. During this time, the Minoans built magnificent palaces which housed the
royal families, priests, and the government.

The palace of Knossos is the famous which is a small city consisting of 800 rooms. The walls of the rooms were
brightly painted with lively scenes showing men and women athletes, fanciful animals, and scenes of the daily
lives of people.

At this point, the Minoans led by their king, Minos, began to establish maritime activities aside from the
magnificent palaces and buildings that were built; they create fresco paintings, stone carvings, and ceramics.

Thus, the Minoans are skilled artisans for they also made decorated fine pottery, bronze daggers tools and are
exporting honey and olive oil to places such as Egypt, Asia Minor, Syria, and Greece.

The Minoan Civilization declined due to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. 

THE RUINS OF THE PALACE OF KNOSSOS

9/3/20XX Presentation Title 27

The Mycenaean Civilization
Rule Crete and mainland Greece about 1900 BCE, thus, it is the dominating force in the
Mediterranean.

At this time, warrior kings ruled walled cities built around the palaces at Mycenae, Thebes,
and other places in Southern Greece.

The first palace built during this time was investigated by the archaeologist since it was then
believed that Mycenae was the richest and important town.

They Mycenaean borrowed from the Minoan Civilization such that pottery and jewelry that
were decorated with design in the Minoan style and that Mycenaean kings employed Minoan
artisans and they took the Minoan’s sea trade to Italy, Egypt, Phoenicia, and Sicily.

The Mycenaean were destroyed by the Dorian which caused the decline and the downfall of
their civilization.  
THE EVIDENCES OF
Mycenaean Civilization
In Greece, the practice of fine art comprised the three basic periods:
  
1.Archaic Period (c. 650-480 BCE)  It is the period of gradual
experimentation. 
 
2.Classical Period (c. 480-323 BCE)  The period witnessed the
flowering of mainland Greece power and artistic dominations.  

3.Hellenistic Period (c. 323 -27 BCE)  This period opened with the
death of Alexander the Great, massive Greek cultural influence, the
creation of “Greek style Art” and the period of the decline and fall
of Greece and the rise of Rome.  
The Archaic Greek Pottery is the
most developed art of the pre-
Archaic period. It involves large
vases and other vessels which
are decorated with linear
designs, triangles, zigzags and
other similar shapes.

Also, the ceramic figurine

painting depicts the Greek
fascination with the human body
which is considered to be the
noblest subjects in painting and
sculpture.
The Archaic Greek Architecture
began in 6 and 7 centuries in
th th

which stones where used to

build Greek public buildings most
especially temples.

It relied on simple post-lintel

building techniques and that the
Greek architects were the first to
base their architectural design in
standard of proportionality.
The three orders of the Greek architecture include: 
  
1.Doric. It is the simplest of the three Greek columns with no base and
slight tapered column. It is used in mainland Greece and later Greek
settlements in Italy. This type of column symbolizes the “STRENGTH
AND NOBILITY OF THE GREEKS”.  

2.Ionic. It comprised of hair like design on both side of the capital. It is

used in buildings along with the west coast of Turkey and the Aegean
Islands. The column signifies “TENDERNESS AND BEING NATURAL OF
THE GREEKS”.  
  
3.Corinthian. It comprised of a flowerlike design placed on a basket on
its capital. The column symbolizes the “ANXIETY AND INSECURETIES
OF THE GREEKS”. 
Doric- “STRENGTH AND NOBILITY OF THE GREEKS”.  
Ionic- “TENDERNESS AND BEING NATURAL OF THE GREEKS”.  
  
Corinthian- “ANXIETY AND INSECURETIES OF THE GREEKS”

 
The Archaic Greek Sculpture is heavily influenced by the Egyptian sculpture as
well as the Syrian techniques. It created stone friezes, statues in stone,
terracotta and bronze and small works made up of ivory and bones. Marble and
wooden sculptures were colored with tempera and encaustics.  

The Archaic Greek Painting involves Fresco painting which is decorated on

temples, buildings, and tombs.   
The Classical Greek Sculpture subjects
were usually gods and goddesses and
bronze became the main medium for
free-standing works and anatomy
become more accurate since the Greek
artists starts to render human and
animal forms in a realistic manner. It is
less rigid than the Archaic sculpture.
Artworks in this period have featured
flexed knees, turned heads, and
contemplative expressions which were
regarded as attempts to suggest motion,
thoughts and naturalism.   
On the other hand, the Hellenistic Sculpture (323 B.C. to 31 B.C.) is much more
varied and extreme than the sculptures that are produced during the Classical
period. Some of the most beautiful pieces of Greek statuary, including Nike of
Samonthrace, the Dying Gaul, Apollo Belvedere , and the Lacoön Group, date
back to Hellenistic times.   
 
With the great achievements of the Greeks in Arts, it produced five Wonders of
the World namely: Colossus of Rhodes, Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, Statue of
Zeus at Olympia, Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, Lighthouse of Alexandria which
ruins and even fragments have been survived at this time (Aller and Autida,
2018).  
MEDIEVAL PAINTING,
SCULPTURE, AND
ARCHITECTURE
Medieval art has continually advanced throughout the medieval
times. Mostly involves these characteristics
Classifications
• Emergence of the Pre-renaissance time.
• Mostly purely religious artworks
• Painting forms- mosaics, manuscripts, and fresco
• Mostly can be found in churches.
• Used of vivid colors
• To glorify God rather than for aesthetic appeal and appreciation.
• Sculpture appear to be larger than other figures surrounding, and
• Subjects mostly revolved around holy family, saints and war
scenes.
The Anglo-saxon Art used bright and
vivid colors in illustrating their
manuscripts. They reflect the migration
period towards the British Isle. Also, their
metal works were truly fine and highly
intricate works of art.  
 The Byzantine Art is generally The Romanesque Art is greatly
splendid and dramatic artistic influenced by the Byzantine art. It is
productions. It developed from the arts characterized by the preservation of iconic
of the Roman Empire embracing its biblical events that took place and kept
classical heritage; it is greatly influenced records of important figures such as
by the Ancient Greek and Egyptians arts. influential leaders of their times.
Byzantine art is mostly concerned Romanesque art also is characterized by
with religious expressions, translation its beautiful styles in painting and sculpture.
of the church teachings into artistic Moreover, it shows illuminated Romanesque
forms such as paintings, sculptures, and manuscripts with lavish color decoration
mosaics. which can be seen in the bibles and also
Thus, artworks produced during this colored décors in capital columns showing
time are highly sophisticated artistic excitement, great powers, and mastery
design and it is therefore highly revival designs and also it artworks depict scenes
of the classical aesthetics.   from several carved figures. 
Byzantine Art Romanesque Art
 The Gothic Art emerged during the
Medieval Gothic period that lasted for
more than 200 years. It is a style of
Medieval art which emerged in
northern France preceding to the
Romanesque Art in the early 12 century. th

Gothic art painting is presented in a

more animated facial expressions and
pose.
Also, art forms in this period are
fresco sculpture, illuminated
manuscripts, panel paintings, and
stained glass painting of both secular
and Christian essence.
(http://www.medievalchronicles.com/medieval-art/gothic-art/). 
 ISLAMIC
ARCHITECTURE
Islamic Architecture is defined as the building traditions of Muslim populations of the
Middle East and any countries wherein the religion Islam has been dominant from the
7th century on. Most common types of Islamic Architectures include:

(1) Mosque, it is the Muslim Center and place of worship

(2) Madrasah, it is the Muslim’s public school
(3) Hammam, it is a structural design for a hot bathhouse
(4) Caravanserai, it refers to a roadside inn for travelers
(5) Mausoleum, it is a tomb or a monument
(6) Casbah/ Citadel, it is a fortress

Islamic architecture consists of a wide range of both secular and religious styles
from the foundation of Islam to the present day, thus, it influences the design and
construction of buildings and structures as far Islamic culture. (
http://muslimheritage.com/article/introduction-islamichttp://muslimheritage.com/article/introduction-islamic-architecturearchitecture)   
In the Philippines especially in Mindanao, a lot of
mosques were built famous of it geometric
designs. Hence, the integration of Chinese and
Muslim forms and style elements is a
characteristic feature of the early church building. 

1. Common Interpretations of Islamic architecture

include:
2. the concept of Allah’s infinite power is
manifested in designs and repeating themes
3. human and animal forms are rarely depicted in
decorative arts as Allah’s work is matchless
4. the architecture of Islam focused on interior
rather than exterior space
5. The building of impressive domes, minarets, and
large courtyards are intended to convey power
(Aller and Autida, 2018).  
RENAISSANCE PERIOD
The word Renaissance is derived from the Latin word “RENASCERE” which
means “rebirth “or “revival”.
Thus, this period marks the revival or rebirth of cultural awareness which
occurred in the 14th to 15th century. At this period of time, artworks are reverted
back to Greek and Roman art influences.
More so, it is then the revival of classical art, literature, architecture, and learning
which originated in Italy and later spread in some parts in Europe.
Most of the artworks in this period emphasizes on the following: sciences,
humans and their environment and philosophy in connection to religious aspects.
It concentrates much on religious subject matters which contain symbols and are
realistic. Moreover, it concerns more about life towards new discoveries. It is
more sacred or biblical and sometimes even nude.
Renaissance art is divided into three periods:  

1.Early Renaissance
  
2.High Renaissance  
  
3.Late Renaissance /Mannerism Period
Early Renaissance. This period
characterized by simplicity, gesture, and
expression styles of painting. Thus,
paintings in this period use man and
fresco techniques.  
  

(Aller and Autida, 2018).  

 High Renaissance. The center of this
period is in Florence, Venice, and Rome.
The characteristics of the art works in
this period include: deepening of the
pictorial space, and making the sky more
dramatic with dark cloud.  
  

(Aller and Autida, 2018).  

Late Renaissance /Mannerism Period.
The period characterized human figures
as the subject matter of their artworks.
Artists use warm and sensual colors and
oil painting in producing such work of
arts.

(Aller and Autida, 2018).  

MANNERISM PERIOD
After the Renaissance period, it is followed by the Mannerism art movement.
Mannerism is derived from the Italian word “MANIERA” meaning MANNER or
STYLE, a term which denoting to exaggerated, foreshortening and elongated
features.
Thus, concepts of artworks during this period are into distorting elements to
produce drama, unusual lighting effects, frequent eroticism, bright colors, fine
detail, spatial, scenic and dramatic distorted poses, perfect elegance and
mathematical in nature.
Artists belonged in this period create works of art aims to renew religious spirit.
Hence, it is known to be the first international style of Western Art which is then
also belongs to the Late Renaissance period.  
BAROQUE PERIOD
Baroque art movement gives emphasis on exaggerated motion, easily interrupted details; thus,
artworks in this period produce drama, grandeur, tension, exuberance, dramatic poses and even
passionate expressions.

Also, during this period, art forms are more theatrical, having elaborate ornamentation, religious
grandeur and even dynamic.

Baroque art movement flourished in the following countries: Italy, Spain, Flanders (Southern
Netherlands), Dutch Republic (Northern Netherlands), France, and England.
This particular art movement coincides with the worldwide mercantilism, age
of exploration, advances in shipbuilding, extensive voyaging and improved
cartography.

Characteristics of Baroque in Italy, Spain and Flanders are the following:

• didactic to spiritual purposes
• possessing theatrical effects
• grand buildings
• strongly supported by the Pope.

Characteristics of Baroque art in France include:

• Opulence
• identified with absolutism
• being simplistic and dignified
ROCOCO PERIOD
ROCOCO  is an art movement that is the extension
of the Baroque Period which flourished in France. The
term Rococo was derived from the French Word,
“ROCAILLE” which means bits of rocky decorations
which can be found in a 16 century architectural ideas.
th

Common characteristics of the art works found in this

period are:
• the use of light or pastel colors
• curvaceous forms
• graceful lines
• cherubs with myths of love
• highly ornate and exquisite

The study of details which these are found in furniture,

panels, vases, and urns. Moreover, subjects of the
artworks in period are always in the center of the
canvass.  
NEO- CLASSICISM
PERIOD
Neo-classicism is a movement in the western art that coincides with the Age of
Enlightenment during the 18 century. It is the period of revival of many styles especially
th

the styles and spirit of classical antiquity especially in the field of architecture.

Moreover, the artworks in this period are inspired mainly excavated figurines and
sculptures in Roman and Greek colony archaeological sites and also the revival of the
Roman and Greek traditions.

Characteristics of the artworks found in this period include:

• precise details
• dynamism
• elegance and simplicity
• strong horizontal and vertical lines
• shallow spaces
• sober colors
• clarity in forms.  
ROMANTICISM
PERIOD
ROMANTICISM art movement began in Germany and England and later spread
throughout the different parts of Europe. It is the style of art that found its subject in the
world of dramatic and exotic; a style of art and literature which draws on the imagination
rather than nationalism, thus, appealed to the emotions of the audience. This particular art
movement gives emphasis in the painter’s reaction to the past events, peoples, and
landscapes.  
Romantic art forms provide deep love of nature and concerns about the metamorphosis of
the world into a new golden age in the powers of the imagination.

Moreover, it also depicts realistic figures with psychological attitudes. Common

characteristics of artworks in this period also include:
• Individualism
• Exoticism
• Of emotions
• Revival of Gothic.  
Activity 2: EXPRESS YOUR FEELINGS

Directions:

Look at the Romanticism art

works below (Picture A, B, C), say
something about each of them and
state what emotions did the art
works imply. Write it on ½ sheet of
pad paper.

69
 A
 LANDSCAPE NEAR PALIANO
 B
“La Cage d’Oiseaux”
 C
THE DARKSIDE OF ROME